# Carbon Black Market

> Carbon Black Market Research Report Information By Process Type (Furnace Black, Gas Black, Thermal Black, and Lamp Black), By Application (Tire and Industrial Rubber Product, Plastic, Toner and Printing Ink, Coating, Textile Fiber, and Others), And By Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of the World) – Market Forecast Till 2035.

- **Forecast Period:** 2026-2035
- **CAGR:** 5.06%
- **2025:** USD 23.02 Billion
- **2035:** USD 37.63 Billion
- **Key Players:** Cabot Corporation, Birla Carbon, Orion S.A., Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd., PCBL Chemical Ltd, Jiangxi Black Cat Carbon Black Co., Ltd., Omsk Carbon Group, Himadri Speciality Chemical Ltd

**Report ID:** MRFR/CnM/3280-CR · **Pages:** 200 · **Author:** Chitranshi Jaiswal · **Last Updated:** October 23, 2026

**URL:** https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/carbon-black-market-4701

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## Market Summary

As per Market Research Future analysis, the Carbon Black Market Size was estimated at 15.1 USD Billion in 2024. The Carbon Black industry is projected to grow from 15.78 USD Billion in 2025 to 24.51 USD Billion by 2035, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.5% during the forecast period 2025 - 2035

## Market Drivers

## Driver Impact Analysis

| Driver | ~% Impact on CAGR | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rising vehicle parc and replacement tire demand | +1.2% | Asia-Pacific, South America | Medium term (2–4 yr) | [1][15] |
| Heavier electric vehicles raising tire wear and reinforcement loads | +0.8% | China, Europe, North America | Long term (≥4 yr) | [4] |
| Lithium-ion battery conductive additive demand | +0.7% | China, South Korea, United States | Long term (≥4 yr) | [4][23] |
| Infrastructure spending on industrial rubber goods | +0.5% | India, United States | Medium term (2–4 yr) | [2][12] |
| Automotive lightweighting and black plastic compounds | +0.4% | Global | Short term (≤2 yr) | [16] |
| Premium coatings and electromagnetic shielding | +0.4% | North America, Europe | Medium term (2–4 yr) | [20] |

### Rising Vehicle Parc and Replacement Tire Demand

Replacement tires account for about three-quarters of  tire shipments, and that demand tracks the size of the vehicle fleet, not new car sales. The USTMA projects U.S. shipments of roughly 335 million units in 2025, most of them replacement [15]. China's trade-in subsidies speed up scrappage while lifting original-equipment fitments [1]. Each passenger tire contains about 2–3 kg of carbon black, so even low single-digit fleet growth produces meaningful tonnage.

### Heavier Electric Vehicles Raising Tire Wear

The IEA reports that more than 17 million electric cars were sold in 2024, over 20% of  new car sales [4]. Battery packs make EVs 15–25% heavier than comparable combustion models, and instant torque speeds up tread wear. Tire makers respond with higher-structure reinforcing grades and reformulated tread compounds. This lifts both the carbon black content per tire and replacement frequency in EV-heavy markets such as China and Norway.

### Lithium-Ion Battery Conductive Additive Demand

Conductive carbon additives make up only 1–3% of electrode mass, but they command prices several times higher than rubber grades. BloombergNEF expects battery demand to grow several-fold by 2035 as EV and stationary storage deployments scale [23]. Cabot has repositioned part of its portfolio toward [battery materials](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/battery-material-market-1518), citing customer qualification wins in Asia and North America [16]. This is the highest-margin growth lane in the market.

### Infrastructure Spending on Industrial Rubber Goods

About USD 110 billion of the approximately USD 1.2 trillion budgeted by the U.S. Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act went toward building roads and bridges [12]. The infrastructural pipeline in India increases the ongoing demand for off-highway tires, hydraulic hoses, and mining conveyors [2]. High-loading carbon black compounds are used in these industrial rubber goods. Compared to passenger tires, contracts linked to multi-year governmental budgets also provide suppliers with a less cyclical demand layer.

### Automotive Lightweighting and Black Plastic Compounds

Polypropylene and engineering plastics, which require carbon black for color depth, UV resistance, and weathering performance, are taking the place of metal panels and trim in automobiles. According to Cabot's filings, performance compounds used in automotive and packaging plastics have steadily increased in volume [16]. Because compounders modify formulations within single model-year cycles, the effect manifests itself rapidly. Black plastics with more recent identifiable grades are also easier to sort thanks to recyclability regulations.

### Premium Coatings and Electromagnetic Shielding

Coating formulators are specifying treated grades that deliver high jetness, electrical grounding and durable UV protection in one additive. Birla Carbon's Continua sustainable carbonaceous material and its conductive coating grades target battery enclosures and EMI-shielded electronics housings [20]. VOC restrictions favor high-purity blacks that disperse with less solvent. These grades sell at substantial premiums to tire blacks and dilute producers' exposure to auto cycles.

## Restraints

## Restraints Impact Analysis

| Restraint | ~% Impact on CAGR | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Feedstock oil price volatility | -0.6% | Global | Short term (≤2 yr) | [13] |
| Tightening emission regulations | -0.5% | North America, Europe, China | Medium term (2–4 yr) | [6][7] |
| Overcapacity and trade disruption | -0.4% | China, Russia, Europe | Short term (≤2 yr) | [17] |
| Occupational health classification | -0.2% | Europe, North America | Long term (≥4 yr) | [8][9] |
| Digital substitution in toner and ink | -0.2% | North America, Europe, Japan | Long term (≥4 yr) | [19] |

### Feedstock Oil Price Volatility

The majority of the cash cost per ton is attributed to carbon black oil, a heavy waste from coal-tar processing and refining. In 2022, Brent was around USD 100 per barrel; by 2024, it was about USD 81 [13]. The majority of that is passed through with a lag via index-linked contracts, which harms purchasers' budgeting and squeezes margins during sharp increases. Tire manufacturers also take alternative fillers into consideration due to volatility.

### Tightening Emission Regulations

The U.S. EPA's NESHAP for carbon black production and earlier Clean Air Act consent decrees required scrubbers and selective catalytic reduction across most U.S. plants [6]. The EU's revised Industrial Emissions Directive (EU) 2024/1785 tightens permit conditions further [7]. Retrofits can cost tens of millions of dollars per site. Smaller and older plants are retiring rather than reinvesting, which constrains regional supply.

### Overcapacity and Trade Disruption

China's capacity far outpaces domestic demand, and export flows drive up prices in India and Southeast Asia. After 2022, sanctions reduced Russian supply to Europe, requiring clients to quickly requalify grades from new sources [17]. For some producers, these disruptions open up price windows, while for others, they reduce margins. Sourcing decisions are made more questionable by trade remedy investigations.

### Occupational Health Classification

IARC classifies carbon black as Group 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans, based mainly on inhalation studies in rats [8]. Under REACH, producers maintain detailed registration dossiers and exposure scenarios [9]. The classification does not restrict end use, but it raises compliance costs, shapes workplace controls and occasionally prompts consumer-goods brands to ask for alternatives in visible applications.

### Digital Substitution in Toner and Ink

Office printing volumes continue to decline as documents move to screens and cloud workflows. Japanese and European toner producers report flat-to-falling unit demand [19]. Ultrafine pigment grades keep their pricing, but tonnage in this application is unlikely to grow. Producers therefore have to redeploy capacity in this segment toward coatings and plastics.

## Opportunities

## Carbon Black Market Opportunities

### Battery-Grade Conductive Additives for New Chemistries

Lithium iron phosphate cathodes have poor intrinsic conductivity and use more conductive additive than nickel-rich chemistries. Sodium-ion batteries, now in commercial production in China, depend on similar additive packages. Producers that qualify high-purity grades with cell makers in China, South Korea and the U.S. can earn margins well above rubber grades [4][23]. Capacity announced under U.S. battery manufacturing incentives creates a domestic qualification window.

### Tire-to-Tire Circularity Through rCB Partnerships

The European Commission's 2023 proposal on vehicle design and end-of-life vehicles signals tougher circularity requirements for automotive materials [10]. ASTM Committee D36 is building the standard test methods that tire makers need to qualify rCB with confidence [11]. Producers that secure pyrolysis partnerships and blend rCB into consistent hybrid grades can win long-term supply contracts with tire makers chasing recycled-content targets.

### Emerging-Market Tire Hubs

India, Thailand and Saudi Arabia are building new tire manufacturing capacity. The Public Investment Fund and Pirelli announced a Saudi tire plant joint venture in 2023, creating a local carbon black demand center where little existed [22]. Thailand's export-oriented tire cluster and India's import substitution policies favor producers that build in-region rather than ship from China.

### Certified Low-Carbon Grades and Carbon-Data Services

The EU's Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive requires large customers to disclose Scope 3 emissions, which makes supplier carbon data a procurement requirement [21]. Producers can monetize verified product carbon footprints, mass-balance certificates and plant-level emissions dashboards. Premium pricing for audited low-carbon grades is a new business model that rewards investment in tail-gas energy recovery and renewable feedstocks.

### Methane Pyrolysis with Hydrogen Co-Production

Plasma and thermal methane pyrolysis produce carbon black and clean hydrogen together, giving the process two revenue streams. Monolith's DOE-backed Nebraska project shows the financing path [3]. As hydrogen demand grows for ammonia and refining, co-produced carbon black could gain a structural cost advantage in regions with cheap natural gas, especially North America and the Middle East.

## Future Outlook

## Carbon Black Market Future Outlook

### Electrification Reshapes the Grade Mix

Electrification affects the Carbon Black Market twice: heavier EVs demand tougher tire reinforcement, and battery cells need conductive additives. The IEA expects electric cars to keep gaining share through 2030 under current policies [4]. By the early 2030s, battery-related grades could account for a meaningful share of producer profits even while remaining small in tonnage. Producers that invest early in purification and cell-maker qualification will capture most of that value.

### Scope 3 Accountability Becomes a Purchasing Filter

Tire makers have committed to science-based emission targets, and carbon black is one of the largest embedded-carbon inputs in a tire. CSRD disclosures move supplier emissions onto audited reports [21]. Through 2035, expect product carbon footprints to appear in requests for quotation alongside price and specification. Plants with tail-gas cogeneration, renewable feedstocks or pyrolysis pathways will earn preferred-supplier status.

### Circular Feedstocks Scale from Pilot to Practice

[Recovered carbon black](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/recovered-carbon-black-market-7557) currently fills a small share of tire compounds, mostly in inner liners and sidewalls. As ASTM classifications mature and pyrolysis plants improve consistency, blend rates will rise [11]. Europe's end-of-life vehicle rules will push the shift fastest [10]. Hybrid grades that combine virgin and recovered material are the most likely commercial format.

### Digital Process Control Raises Yield and Consistency

Advanced feed-injection control, real-time particle analytics and machine-learning reactor optimization are tightening particle size distribution on existing furnace lines. Cabot and Birla Carbon have both described digital manufacturing programs aimed at yield and energy efficiency [16][20]. These tools let operators make semi-specialty grades without building new reactors. That protects the scale advantage of furnace capacity while capturing part of the specialty premium.

## Segment Insights

## Carbon Black Market Segmentation

### By Process Type

| Segment | Key Metric (2025) | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Furnace Black | 71.7% share | Tire and industrial rubber reinforcement at scale |
| Gas Black | USD 2.12 Billion | Fine-dispersion inks and high-jetness coatings |
| Thermal Black | 7.6% share | Low-structure grades for polymer and seal compounds |
| Lamp Black | 6.8% CAGR (2026–2035) | High-surface-area conductive and electrode uses |

Within the Carbon Black Market, Furnace Black leads because one reactor platform can produce dozens of tire and rubber grades at the lowest cost per tonne. Lamp Black grows fastest, supported by its high-surface-area morphology for electronics coatings and energy storage electrodes. Gas Black keeps a niche in fine-dispersion inks and jet-black coatings. Thermal Black serves low-structure polymer blends, wire insulation and seals where softness matters. Plasma methane routes may add a fifth commercial pathway later in the decade [3].

### By Application

| Segment | Key Metric (2025) | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Tire and Industrial Rubber Product | 68.7% share | Replacement tires, EV tires and conveyor belts |
| Plastic | USD 3.62 Billion | Automotive lightweighting and black packaging |
| Toner and Printing Ink | 3.4% share | Ultrafine pigment grades for print and packaging |
| Coating | 6.4% CAGR (2026–2035) | EMI shielding, battery casings and automotive paint |
| Textile Fiber | USD 0.41 Billion | Antistatic and dope-dyed synthetic fibers |
| Others | 4.2% share | Batteries, sealants and construction materials |

Tire and Industrial Rubber Product dominates the Carbon Black Market by application, giving producers volume visibility for capacity planning. Coating is the fastest-growing application as formulators specify treated grades for grounding, jetness and UV durability. Plastic compounding adds steady volume from automotive interiors and packaging. Toner and Printing Ink holds value through ultrafine grades for packaging and industrial printing inks, even as office printing declines. Textile Fiber and Others, including batteries, diversify demand and reduce cyclicality.

## Regional Market Share Analysis

## Regional Market Share Analysis

| Region | Key Metric (2025) | Primary Investment Themes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Asia-Pacific | 58.6% share | Tire export capacity, battery additives, Indian brownfield expansions |
| North America | USD 3.75 Billion | Emission retrofits, methane pyrolysis, battery materials |
| Europe | 14.2% share | Low-carbon grades, rCB blending, IED compliance |
| South America | 4.1% CAGR | Brazilian tire recovery, agricultural tires |
| Middle East and Africa | 4.3% share | Gas-based feedstock, new tire plants |
| Total | USD 23.02 Billion | — |

Regional dynamics in the Carbon Black Market follow tire manufacturing geography, feedstock access and environmental permitting. Asia-Pacific concentrates both production and consumption, while North America and Europe trade volume growth for higher-value grades.

### Asia-Pacific

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| China | 61.5% share of region | World's largest tire production and export base |
| India | 7.2% CAGR | Infrastructure pipeline and tire capacity additions |
| Japan | USD 1.08 Billion | High-performance tire and specialty grade demand |
| South Korea | 6.1% share of region | Battery cell manufacturing and  tire brands |
| Thailand | 5.9% CAGR | Export-oriented tire manufacturing cluster |
| Rest of Asia-Pacific | USD 0.98 Billion | Indonesian and Vietnamese tire investment |

China anchors the Asia-Pacific Carbon Black Market through its tire export base and dense battery supply chain, although national ultra-low emission campaigns are closing smaller inefficient lines. India is the growth engine: PCBL operates close to 790,000 tonnes per annum of capacity and continues to add specialty lines [18]. Japan and South Korea contribute value rather than volume, buying high-purity grades for premium tires and lithium-ion cells. Thailand benefits as Chinese tire makers relocate capacity to diversify tariff exposure.

### North America

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 78.4% share of region | Replacement tire demand and battery materials |
| Canada | 3.6% CAGR | Industrial rubber goods and mining equipment |
| Mexico | USD 0.46 Billion | Nearshored automotive and tire production |

The U.S. dominates regional demand, with replacement tires and industrial rubber goods setting the baseline [15]. Clean Air Act consent decrees have already driven costly pollution-control upgrades, raising barriers to entry but stabilizing incumbent margins [6]. Federal financing for Monolith and Orion's conductive-additive investment in Texas marks the shift toward higher-value output [3][17]. Mexico gains from nearshored vehicle assembly, and Canada leans on mining and forestry equipment demand.

### Europe

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Germany | 27.8% share of region | Premium tire and automotive plastics demand |
| United Kingdom | 2.9% CAGR | Coatings and specialty compounding |
| France | USD 0.38 Billion | Tire manufacturing headquarters and R&D |
| Italy | 10.4% share of region | Industrial rubber goods and premium tires |
| Russia | 2.1% CAGR | Domestic-oriented supply under sanctions |
| Rest of Europe | USD 0.87 Billion | Central European tire plants |

Europe's carbon black demand is flat in volume but improving in value. ETRMA data show tire production under pressure from imports, while premium and winter segments hold up [14]. The revised Industrial Emissions Directive and CSRD reporting reward producers with lower plant emissions and audited footprints [7][21]. Germany, France and Italy host the main tire research centers, which makes them the first markets to adopt rCB-blended and low-carbon grades. Russian output now serves mostly domestic and friendly-export markets.

### South America

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Brazil | 64.5% share of region | Tire production and agricultural equipment |
| Argentina | USD 0.21 Billion | Truck and agricultural tire demand |
| Rest of South America | 3.8% CAGR | Mining activity in Chile and Peru |

Brazil dominates South American consumption, backed by a sizeable domestic tire industry and agricultural machinery demand. Local producers compete with imports from Asia, and anti-dumping measures periodically reshape sourcing. Argentina's demand tracks agricultural cycles and macroeconomic stability. Mining in Chile and Peru sustains demand for heavy conveyor belts and off-the-road tires.

### Middle East and Africa

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Saudi Arabia | 5.4% CAGR | Vision 2030 tire manufacturing localization |
| United Arab Emirates | USD 0.11 Billion | Re-export hub and coatings demand |
| South Africa | 21.2% share of region | Established tire and mining rubber sectors |
| Rest of Middle East and Africa | 38.0% share of region | Egyptian, Turkish-linked and North African rubber goods |

Saudi Arabia is the region's growth story. The PIF–Pirelli tire plant and abundant gas-based feedstock make local carbon black production economically attractive [22]. South Africa's established tire and mining sectors provide a stable base. The UAE functions mainly as a trading and re-export hub. Growing vehicle fleets across North Africa support replacement tire demand through the forecast period.

## Competitive Benchmarking

## Competitive Benchmarking

The Carbon Black Market is moderately concentrated. We estimate the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index at 900–1,100, and the top five producers hold roughly 40–45% of  revenue. Large multinationals compete on grade breadth,  plant footprint and customer qualification. Chinese and Indian producers compete on regional cost leadership. Emission-control spending and tire-maker qualification timelines protect incumbents, while specialty and battery grades are where competition is most intense.

| Company | Est. Revenue Share Range | Key Offerings for Carbon Black Market | Strategic Positioning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cabot Corporation | ~11–14% | Reinforcing grades, performance chemicals, battery conductive additives | Global leader shifting mix toward battery materials and specialty grades |
| Birla Carbon | ~10–13% | Tire and rubber grades, Continua sustainable carbonaceous material, coating grades | Largest footprint by capacity; strong sustainability positioning |
| Orion S.A. | ~6–8% | Rubber blacks, specialty pigments, conductive additives | Specialty-weighted portfolio with U.S. battery additive investment |
| Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd. | ~5–7% | Tire grades, fine-particle and specialty blacks | Strong in Asia; integrated with graphite and fine-carbon businesses |
| PCBL Chemical Ltd | ~4–6% | Rubber blacks, specialty grades, conductive additives | India's leading producer with rapid capacity and export growth |
| Jiangxi Black Cat Carbon Black Co., Ltd. | ~4–6% | Tire and rubber grades, conductive grades | High-volume Chinese supplier with cost leadership |
| Omsk Carbon Group | ~2–4% | Rubber and specialty blacks | Russian producer redirecting exports under sanctions |
| Continental Carbon Company | ~2–3% | Tire and industrial rubber grades | U.S. regional supplier with emission-compliant plants |
| Himadri Speciality Chemical Ltd | ~1–3% | Carbon black, coal-tar derivatives, battery materials | Integrated coal-tar feedstock with battery-material ambitions |
| OCI Holdings | ~1–3% | Carbon black and coal chemicals | Korean producer serving regional tire makers |
| Mitsubishi Chemical Group | ~1–2% | Specialty and pigment blacks | Focus on high-purity color and conductive grades |

## Recent News & Developments

## Recent News & Developments

- European Commission (July 2023): Proposed a regulation on circularity requirements for vehicle design and end-of-life vehicle management, raising recycled-content expectations that will speed rCB qualification in tires [10]
- PCBL (February 2024): Completed its acquisition of Aquapharm Chemicals, diversifying earnings while continuing specialty carbon black capacity expansion in India [18]
- Orion S.A. (March 2024): Advanced its Texas conductive-additive project for lithium-ion batteries, underscoring the shift toward battery-grade output [17]
- European Parliament and Council (August 2024): Published the revised Industrial Emissions Directive (EU) 2024/1785, tightening permit conditions for European carbon black plants [7]
- ASTM International (2024): Committee D36 expanded its standards work for recovered carbon black, giving tire makers clearer qualification benchmarks [11]
- Cabot Corporation (November 2024): Reported fiscal 2024 results showing resilient reinforcement margins and continued investment in battery materials [16]
- International Energy Agency (May 2025): Global EV Outlook 2025 reported more than 17 million electric car sales in 2024, reinforcing demand for EV tire and battery grades [4]

## Report Scope

| Parameter | Details |
| --- | --- |
| Market Scope | Covers carbon black produced through furnace, gas, thermal and lamp processes, sold into tire and rubber, plastic, toner and ink, coating, textile fiber and other end uses |
| Study Period | 2021–2035 |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Historical Data | 2021–2024 |
| Forecast Period | 2026–2035 |
| Market Size in 2025 | USD 23.02 Billion |
| Market Size in 2035 | USD 37.63 Billion |
| CAGR (2026–2035) | 5.06% |
| Fastest Growing Segments | India (7.2% CAGR); Lamp Black (6.8% CAGR); Coating (6.4% CAGR); Thailand (5.9% CAGR) |
| Regions Covered | North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa and ROW |
| Companies Profiled | Cabot Corporation, Birla Carbon, Orion S.A., Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd., PCBL Chemical Ltd, Jiangxi Black Cat Carbon Black Co., Ltd., Omsk Carbon Group, Continental Carbon Company, Himadri Speciality Chemical Ltd, OCI Holdings, Mitsubishi Chemical Group |
| Valuation Currency | USD Billion |
| Methodology | 350+ primary expert interviews; bottom-up market sizing; top-down validation; data triangulation; scenario-based forecasting; real-time project tracking |

## Frequently Asked Questions

**Q: How should buyers evaluate recovered carbon black against virgin grades in the Carbon Black Market?**
A: Check ASTM D36 test data on ash content and structure, since rCB typically carries 10–20% ash. Most tire makers cap rCB at 5–10% in non-tread compounds to protect abrasion performance [11].

**Q: What contract structures reduce feedstock price risk for carbon black purchasers?**
A: Most supply agreements index price to a carbon black oil benchmark with monthly or quarterly pass-through. Buyers can negotiate collars, longer reset intervals or fixed-price tranches, paying a modest premium for budget certainty [13].

**Q: Which certifications matter when sourcing low-carbon grades in the Carbon Black Market?**
A: European tire makers most often request ISCC PLUS mass-balance certification and ISO 14067 product carbon footprints. These documents feed directly into customers' Scope 3 disclosures, so they are increasingly a qualifying condition [21].

**Q: How do acetylene black and lamp black differ for battery electrodes?**
A: Acetylene black offers very high purity and conductivity, making it a long-standing choice for lithium-ion cathodes. Lamp black costs less but carries more impurities, so it suits applications with looser purity specifications.

**Q: What barriers do new entrants face in the Carbon Black Market?**
A: A world-scale plant requires several hundred million dollars and emissions permits that can take years to secure [6][7]. Tire-maker qualification then adds 12–24 months before meaningful volumes flow.

**Q: How is worker exposure to carbon black regulated?**
A: IARC lists carbon black as Group 2B based mainly on rat inhalation studies [8]. Regulators manage the risk through occupational exposure limits, such as OSHA's 3.5 mg/m³, rather than restricting product use.

**Q: Can silica fully replace carbon black in tire treads?**
A: No. Silica lowers rolling resistance in passenger treads but cannot deliver carbon black's abrasion resistance, UV protection and conductivity on its own. Most low-rolling-resistance treads blend both fillers, and truck treads remain largely carbon-black based.


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