×
Request Free Sample ×

Kindly complete the form below to receive a free sample of this Report

* Please use a valid business email

Leading companies partner with us for data-driven Insights

clients tt-cursor
Hero Background

Citicoline as an ingredient Market

ID: MRFR/FnB/10909-CR
184 Pages
Sakshi Gupta
October 2023

Citicoline as an ingredient Market Size, Share, Industry Trend & Analysis Research Report Information by Form (Powder and Liquid), by Application (Dietary Supplements and Others), Distribution Channel (Direct and Indirect), and Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Rest of the World) Forecast till 2035

Share:
Download PDF ×

We do not share your information with anyone. However, we may send you emails based on your report interest from time to time. You may contact us at any time to opt-out.

Citicoline as an ingredient Market Infographic
Purchase Options

Citicoline as an ingredient Market Summary

As per MRFR analysis, the Citicoline Market Size was estimated at 299.51 USD Million in 2024. The Citicoline industry is projected to grow from 328.23 in 2025 to 820.15 by 2035, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.59 during the forecast period 2025 - 2035.

Key Market Trends & Highlights

The Citicoline as an ingredient market is experiencing robust growth driven by increasing demand for cognitive health products and natural ingredients.

  • The market is witnessing a rising demand for cognitive health products, particularly in North America, which remains the largest market.
  • There is a notable shift towards natural ingredients, reflecting consumer preferences for clean-label products in the Asia-Pacific region.
  • Research and development efforts are intensifying, particularly in the cognitive enhancement segment, which is currently the largest.
  • Key market drivers include increasing awareness of cognitive health and the expansion of the nutraceuticals sector, particularly influencing the neuroprotective and capsule segments.

Market Size & Forecast

2024 Market Size 299.51 (USD Million)
2035 Market Size 820.15 (USD Million)
CAGR (2025 - 2035) 9.59%

Major Players

Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd. (JP), Nutraceutical Corporation (US), Hunan Er-Kang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (CN), Sankyo Pharma Co., Ltd. (JP), Tianjin Zhongxin Pharmaceutical Group Corp. (CN), Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (CN), Hubei Yichang Humanwell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (CN), Hunan Huitian Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (CN)

Citicoline as an ingredient Market Trends

The Citicoline as an ingredient Market is currently experiencing a notable evolution, driven by increasing awareness regarding cognitive health and the potential benefits of citicoline. This compound, recognized for its role in enhancing memory and supporting brain function, is gaining traction among consumers seeking cognitive enhancement products. The market appears to be expanding as more manufacturers incorporate citicoline into dietary supplements, functional foods, and beverages, reflecting a growing trend towards health-conscious consumption. Furthermore, the rising prevalence of neurological disorders may also contribute to the heightened interest in citicoline, as individuals look for preventive measures and supportive therapies. In addition to cognitive health, the Citicoline as an ingredient Market is influenced by the increasing demand for natural and plant-based ingredients. Consumers are becoming more discerning, favoring products that are perceived as safe and effective. This shift is prompting manufacturers to explore innovative formulations that include citicoline, aligning with the broader trend of clean label products. As the market continues to evolve, it is likely that research and development efforts will focus on optimizing the delivery and efficacy of citicoline, further solidifying its position as a valuable ingredient in various applications.

Rising Demand for Cognitive Health Products

The Citicoline as an ingredient Market is witnessing a surge in demand for products aimed at enhancing cognitive function. This trend is largely driven by consumers' increasing interest in mental clarity, memory improvement, and overall brain health. As awareness of cognitive health grows, manufacturers are responding by developing innovative formulations that incorporate citicoline, appealing to a health-conscious demographic.

Shift Towards Natural Ingredients

There is a discernible shift in consumer preferences towards natural and plant-based ingredients within the Citicoline as an ingredient Market. This trend reflects a broader movement towards clean label products, where consumers seek transparency and safety in their dietary choices. As a result, manufacturers are increasingly incorporating citicoline into their offerings to meet this demand for natural solutions.

Focus on Research and Development

The Citicoline as an ingredient Market is likely to see intensified research and development efforts aimed at enhancing the efficacy and delivery of citicoline. As scientific understanding of citicoline's benefits expands, manufacturers may invest in innovative technologies and formulations. This focus on R&D could lead to new applications and increased market penetration, further establishing citicoline as a key ingredient in cognitive health products.

Citicoline as an ingredient Market Drivers

Regulatory Support for Health Claims

The Global citicoline as an ingredient Market Industry is positively impacted by regulatory support for health claims associated with Citicoline. Regulatory bodies are increasingly recognizing the potential health benefits of Citicoline, which may facilitate its inclusion in dietary supplements and functional foods. This support can enhance consumer trust and drive market growth, as products containing Citicoline may be perceived as more credible and effective. As regulations evolve to accommodate the growing body of research on Citicoline, manufacturers may find it easier to market their products, thereby contributing to the overall expansion of the market.

Expansion of the Nutraceutical Sector

The Global Citicoline as an ingredient Market Industry is benefiting from the rapid expansion of the nutraceutical sector. As consumers increasingly seek natural and functional ingredients, Citicoline's profile as a cognitive enhancer positions it favorably within this market. The nutraceutical industry is projected to grow significantly, with Citicoline being a key ingredient in various formulations aimed at enhancing mental performance. This trend is indicative of a broader shift towards preventive healthcare, where consumers are more inclined to invest in products that support long-term health. The integration of Citicoline into nutraceuticals is expected to contribute to a robust market trajectory.

Rising Prevalence of Neurological Disorders

The Global Citicoline as an ingredient Market Industry is significantly influenced by the increasing prevalence of neurological disorders. Conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke are becoming more common, prompting a search for effective management strategies. Citicoline has been studied for its potential benefits in improving cognitive function and recovery in patients with these disorders. This growing health concern is likely to drive the demand for Citicoline-based products, as healthcare providers and patients seek innovative solutions. The market's expansion is anticipated to align with the overall growth of the healthcare sector, further enhancing the visibility of Citicoline.

Growing Demand for Cognitive Health Products

The Global Citicoline as an ingredient Market Industry is experiencing a notable increase in demand for cognitive health products. This trend is driven by a rising awareness of brain health and the importance of cognitive function among consumers. Citicoline, recognized for its potential neuroprotective properties, is increasingly incorporated into dietary supplements and functional foods. As of 2024, the market is valued at approximately 299.1 USD Million, reflecting a growing consumer base that prioritizes mental clarity and focus. This demand is expected to continue, contributing to the projected market growth towards 2035, where it may reach 820.2 USD Million.

Increased Research and Development Activities

The Global Citicoline as an ingredient Market Industry is witnessing a surge in research and development activities aimed at exploring the full potential of Citicoline. Scientific studies are increasingly focusing on its benefits for cognitive health, neuroprotection, and recovery from brain injuries. This heightened research interest is likely to lead to new product formulations and applications, thereby expanding the market. As more evidence emerges regarding the efficacy of Citicoline, manufacturers may be encouraged to innovate and diversify their offerings. This trend not only enhances the credibility of Citicoline but also supports its integration into a wider array of health products.

Market Segment Insights

By Application: Cognitive Enhancement (Largest) vs. Neuroprotective (Fastest-Growing)

In the Citicoline as an ingredient market, the application segment displays a compelling distribution of market share among its various values. Cognitive Enhancement stands out as the largest segment, driven by a growing consumer base interested in mental performance and clarity. On the other hand, Neuroprotective applications are gaining traction rapidly as awareness regarding brain health and protection increases, indicating a dynamic landscape where diverse consumer needs are addressed.

Cognitive Enhancement (Dominant) vs. Neuroprotective (Emerging)

Cognitive Enhancement applications are becoming dominant in the Citicoline market, primarily due to the soaring interest in self-improvement and mental clarity. This segment appeals to students, professionals, and older adults alike, who are seeking ways to boost mental performance and alertness. In contrast, Neuroprotective applications represent an emerging trend, reflecting a rising consciousness about neurological health and disease prevention. As more consumers become educated about the potential benefits of Citicoline in mitigating neurological decline and enhancing cognitive resilience, this segment is poised for significant growth, attracting innovation and investment.

By Formulation Type: Powder (Largest) vs. Capsule (Fastest-Growing)

In the Citicoline as an ingredient market, the formulation types exhibit distinct characteristics and market share distributions. Currently, the powder formulation holds the largest share, favored for its versatility and ease of use in diverse applications. Followed by capsules, which, while smaller in market share, are rapidly gaining traction due to their convenient dosage form, appealing to both health-conscious consumers and pharmaceutical manufacturers. Tablets and liquids, though important, capture a relatively smaller market share. Growth trends within the formulation type segment indicate a significant shift towards capsules as the fastest-growing segment. The increasing demand for user-friendly oral supplements drives this trend, coupled with rising consumer awareness about cognitive health and the importance of neuroprotective ingredients like Citicoline. Additionally, advancements in capsule technology have enabled more effective delivery systems, further incentivizing the market towards capsules over traditional forms like tablets and powders.

Powder (Dominant) vs. Capsule (Emerging)

The powder formulation of Citicoline has established itself as the dominant player in the market, largely due to its adaptability across multiple applications, including dietary supplements, functional foods, and pharmaceuticals. Its granular nature allows for easy incorporation into various products, appealing to manufacturers seeking flexibility in formulation. Furthermore, powders can be easily customized for different dosing requirements. In contrast, capsules are emerging as a popular choice among consumers seeking convenience and precise dosage. They are particularly favored for their ease of consumption and improved taste masking compared to powders and tablets. The growing trend toward personalized nutrition and the need for more convenient supplement options suggest that capsules may continue to rise in popularity, challenging the dominance of powder offerings in the formulation type segment.

By End Use: Pharmaceuticals (Largest) vs. Nutraceuticals (Fastest-Growing)

In the Citicoline as an ingredient Market, the end use segment is primarily dominated by the pharmaceuticals sector, which accounts for a significant portion of market share. This is largely due to the increasing recognition of Citicoline's cognitive benefits and its applications in treating neurological disorders. Meanwhile, nutraceuticals are emerging as a rapidly growing segment, driven by rising health consciousness and demand for preventive healthcare products, appealing to a broader consumer base.

Pharmaceuticals (Dominant) vs. Nutraceuticals (Emerging)

The pharmaceuticals sector holds a dominant position within the Citicoline market, primarily revolving around its efficacy in enhancing cognitive function and treating conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and age-related cognitive decline. Pharmaceutical companies leverage the therapeutic advantages of Citicoline in their formulations, promoting mental acuity and recovery in patients. On the other hand, the nutraceuticals segment is marked by rapid growth, as consumers increasingly seek natural solutions for enhancing brain function and overall wellness. This rise is fueled by the expanding dietary supplement market where Citicoline is marketed as a brain health ingredient. The shift towards preventive health measures has positioned nutraceuticals as an attractive avenue for further innovation and consumer engagement.

By Distribution Channel: Online Retail (Largest) vs. Pharmacy (Fastest-Growing)

In the Citicoline as an ingredient market, online retail has emerged as the largest distribution channel, capturing a significant portion of the market share. This channel is preferred by consumers for its convenience and the wide variety of products available. Pharmacy and health food stores also hold substantial shares, appealing to health-conscious consumers seeking over-the-counter solutions and specialized dietary options. Supermarkets, while important, contribute a smaller segment of the distribution landscape as consumers tend to seek specific health supplements elsewhere. The growth trends for these distribution channels indicate a robust shift towards online retail, driven by increasing digitalization and consumer preference for hassle-free shopping experiences. Pharmacies represent the fastest-growing segment, attributed to rising health awareness and an increase in prescription and non-prescription Citicoline products. The preference for direct-to-consumer models in health-related purchasing, along with promotional efforts by health food stores and supermarkets, complicates the growth dynamics, highlighting the need for strategic marketing across all channels.

Online Retail (Dominant) vs. Pharmacy (Emerging)

Online retail stands as the dominant distribution channel in the Citicoline as an ingredient market, characterized by its extensive reach and convenience for consumers. E-commerce platforms provide a wide array of Citicoline products, often at competitive prices, attracting a tech-savvy clientele eager for quick access to health supplements. The growth of this segment is bolstered by advancements in logistics and targeted digital marketing strategies. In contrast, pharmacies are emerging as a vital channel for Citicoline distribution, leveraging customer trust and the increasing demand for health solutions. Pharmacies cater to consumers seeking expert advice and readily available options, thereby enhancing the overall market appeal of Citicoline as an ingredient. As consumer priorities evolve, both channels must adapt to maintain their competitive positions.

By Consumer Demographics: Health Conscious Individuals (Largest) vs. Athletes (Fastest-Growing)

The Citicoline as an ingredient market exhibits diverse consumer demographics, with health-conscious individuals holding the largest market share. This group prioritizes cognitive health and is increasingly aware of the benefits associated with supplements containing Citicoline. Following closely, athletes emerge as a significant market segment, driven by their need for improved mental clarity and focus during training and competitions. As awareness of Citicoline's cognitive-enhancing properties expands, growth trends indicate a remarkable increase particularly among athletes, who seek competitive advantages. Furthermore, the rise of wellness trends is prompting more individuals to consider Citicoline for its neuroprotective benefits. This intersection of health and performance is fostering a dynamic growth landscape in the market segment.

Health Conscious Individuals: Dominant vs. Athletes: Emerging

Health-conscious individuals represent the dominant segment in the Citicoline market, characterized by their proactive approach to health and well-being. This demographic tends to be well-informed about nutritional supplements and their impact on cognitive functions. Meanwhile, athletes are emerging as a notable market segment, categorized by their pursuit of optimal performance and mental acuity. They are increasingly turning to Citicoline to enhance reaction times and overall cognitive function during intense physical activities. The contrasting yet complementary nature of these segments signifies a multifaceted market environment where cognitive health is paramount, driven by a blend of lifestyle choices and performance expectations.

Get more detailed insights about Citicoline as an ingredient Market

Regional Insights

North America : Market Leader in Citicoline

North America is poised to maintain its leadership in the Citicoline market, with a projected market size of $150.0 million by December 2025. The region's growth is driven by increasing awareness of cognitive health and the rising prevalence of neurological disorders. Regulatory support for dietary supplements further enhances market dynamics, fostering innovation and product development. The demand for Citicoline is expected to surge as consumers seek natural solutions for cognitive enhancement and memory support. The competitive landscape in North America is robust, featuring key players such as Nutraceutical Corporation and Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd. The U.S. stands out as the leading country, accounting for a significant share of the market. The presence of established pharmaceutical companies and a strong distribution network contribute to the region's dominance. As the market evolves, partnerships and collaborations among key players are likely to shape future growth trajectories.

Europe : Emerging Market Potential

Europe is witnessing a growing interest in Citicoline, with a market size of $90.0 million anticipated by December 2025. The region's growth is fueled by increasing consumer awareness regarding cognitive health and the benefits of Citicoline in enhancing memory and focus. Regulatory frameworks in Europe are becoming more supportive of dietary supplements, which is expected to further stimulate market growth. The rising trend of preventive healthcare is also driving demand for cognitive enhancers like Citicoline. Leading countries in Europe include Germany, France, and the UK, where the demand for Citicoline is particularly strong. The competitive landscape features both local and international players, with companies like Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd. and Nutraceutical Corporation making significant inroads. The European market is characterized by a diverse range of products, catering to various consumer preferences and health needs. As the market matures, innovation and product differentiation will be key to capturing consumer interest.

Asia-Pacific : Rapid Growth in Cognitive Health

The Asia-Pacific region is emerging as a significant player in the Citicoline market, with a projected size of $50.0 million by December 2025. The growth is driven by increasing awareness of cognitive health and the rising incidence of neurological disorders. Countries like China and Japan are leading the charge, supported by favorable regulatory environments that encourage the use of dietary supplements. The demand for Citicoline is expected to rise as consumers seek effective solutions for cognitive enhancement and overall brain health. China is the largest market in the region, with a growing number of local manufacturers entering the Citicoline space. The competitive landscape is becoming increasingly dynamic, with key players such as Hunan Er-Kang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. gaining traction. As the market evolves, the focus on research and development will be crucial for companies aiming to differentiate their products and meet the diverse needs of consumers in this rapidly growing market.

Middle East and Africa : Niche Market Development

The Middle East and Africa (MEA) region is gradually developing its Citicoline market, with a projected size of $9.51 million by December 2025. The growth in this region is primarily driven by increasing awareness of cognitive health and the potential benefits of Citicoline in enhancing mental performance. Regulatory bodies are beginning to recognize the importance of dietary supplements, which is expected to create a more favorable environment for market growth. The rising trend of health consciousness among consumers is also contributing to the demand for cognitive enhancers. Countries like South Africa and the UAE are leading the market in the MEA region, with a growing number of local and international players entering the space. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of established pharmaceutical companies and emerging startups. As the market matures, the focus on quality and efficacy will be essential for companies looking to capture market share and meet the evolving needs of consumers in this niche market.

Key Players and Competitive Insights

The Citicoline as an ingredient Market is characterized by a dynamic competitive landscape, driven by increasing consumer awareness regarding cognitive health and the growing demand for dietary supplements. Key players such as Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd. (Japan), Nutraceutical Corporation (US), and Hunan Er-Kang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (China) are strategically positioned to leverage these trends. Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd. focuses on innovation in product development, emphasizing high-quality ingredients that cater to the health-conscious consumer. Nutraceutical Corporation (US) has adopted a strategy of regional expansion, enhancing its distribution networks to reach a broader audience. Meanwhile, Hunan Er-Kang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. is concentrating on partnerships with local health food brands, thereby strengthening its market presence and operational capabilities. Collectively, these strategies contribute to a competitive environment that is increasingly focused on quality, accessibility, and consumer engagement.

In terms of business tactics, companies are localizing manufacturing to reduce costs and improve supply chain efficiency. This approach is particularly evident in the moderately fragmented structure of the market, where several players vie for market share. The collective influence of these key players is shaping a landscape that favors innovation and strategic partnerships, allowing companies to differentiate themselves in a crowded marketplace.

In November 2025, Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd. (Japan) announced a collaboration with a leading nutritional supplement brand to develop a new line of cognitive health products featuring Citicoline. This strategic move is significant as it not only enhances Kyowa's product portfolio but also positions the company as a key player in the rapidly growing cognitive health segment. The partnership is expected to leverage both companies' strengths, potentially leading to increased market penetration and consumer trust.

In October 2025, Nutraceutical Corporation (US) launched a new marketing campaign aimed at promoting the cognitive benefits of Citicoline. This initiative is crucial as it aligns with the rising consumer interest in mental wellness and cognitive enhancement. By focusing on educational content and consumer engagement, Nutraceutical Corporation aims to solidify its brand presence and drive sales growth in a competitive market.

In September 2025, Hunan Er-Kang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (China) expanded its manufacturing capabilities by investing in advanced production technologies. This investment is likely to enhance product quality and increase production efficiency, allowing the company to meet the growing demand for Citicoline-based products. Such advancements may provide Hunan Er-Kang with a competitive edge, particularly in the Asian markets where demand is surging.

As of December 2025, the competitive trends in the Citicoline market are increasingly defined by digitalization, sustainability, and the integration of AI technologies. Strategic alliances are becoming more prevalent, enabling companies to pool resources and expertise to innovate more effectively. The competitive differentiation is expected to evolve, shifting from price-based competition to a focus on innovation, technology, and supply chain reliability. This transition suggests that companies that prioritize these aspects will likely emerge as leaders in the Citicoline as an ingredient Market.

Key Companies in the Citicoline as an ingredient Market include

Future Outlook

Citicoline as an ingredient Market Future Outlook

The Citicoline as an ingredient market is projected to grow at a 9.59% CAGR from 2024 to 2035, driven by increasing demand in cognitive health and dietary supplements.

New opportunities lie in:

  • Expansion into emerging markets with tailored formulations
  • Development of innovative delivery systems for enhanced bioavailability
  • Strategic partnerships with nutraceutical companies for co-branding initiatives

By 2035, the Citicoline market is expected to achieve robust growth, solidifying its position in the health and wellness sector.

Market Segmentation

Citicoline as an ingredient Market End Use Outlook

  • Pharmaceuticals
  • Nutraceuticals
  • Dietary Supplements
  • Functional Foods

Citicoline as an ingredient Market Application Outlook

  • Nootropic
  • Neuroprotective
  • Cognitive Enhancement
  • Memory Improvement

Citicoline as an ingredient Market Formulation Type Outlook

  • Powder
  • Capsule
  • Tablet
  • Liquid

Citicoline as an ingredient Market Distribution Channel Outlook

  • Online Retail
  • Pharmacy
  • Health Food Stores
  • Supermarkets

Citicoline as an ingredient Market Consumer Demographics Outlook

  • Age Group
  • Health Conscious Individuals
  • Athletes
  • Students

Report Scope

MARKET SIZE 2024299.51(USD Million)
MARKET SIZE 2025328.23(USD Million)
MARKET SIZE 2035820.15(USD Million)
COMPOUND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE (CAGR)9.59% (2024 - 2035)
REPORT COVERAGERevenue Forecast, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, and Trends
BASE YEAR2024
Market Forecast Period2025 - 2035
Historical Data2019 - 2024
Market Forecast UnitsUSD Million
Key Companies ProfiledKyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd. (JP), Nutraceutical Corporation (US), Hunan Er-Kang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (CN), Sankyo Pharma Co., Ltd. (JP), Tianjin Zhongxin Pharmaceutical Group Corp. (CN), Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (CN), Hubei Yichang Humanwell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (CN), Hunan Huitian Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (CN)
Segments CoveredApplication, Formulation Type, End Use, Distribution Channel, Consumer Demographics
Key Market OpportunitiesGrowing demand for cognitive health supplements drives innovation in the Citicoline as an ingredient Market.
Key Market DynamicsRising demand for cognitive health supplements drives innovation and competition in the Citicoline ingredient market.
Countries CoveredNorth America, Europe, APAC, South America, MEA

Market Highlights

Author
Sakshi Gupta
Research Analyst Level II

I have about two years of experience working in the consumer goods and retail industries and I am a biotech graduate.A tech-savvy analytically focused professional with a strong capabilities in identification, concept generation, and strategy evaluation. I can produce data-driven solutions while fusing unusual viewpoints with original concepts. I have been extensively working on business case studies, competitive & comparative analyses, and strategic reports. My primary areas of experience include client management, financial analysis, supply chain evaluation, market entry strategy evaluation, and estimating and forecasting market size.

Leave a Comment

FAQs

How much is the Citicoline as an ingredient market?

The Citicoline as an ingredient market is valued at USD 252.61 million in 2022.

How Big is the US Citicoline as an ingredient market?

The US Citicoline as an ingredient market is valued at USD 71.29 million in 2022.

What is the growth rate of the Citicoline as an ingredient market?

The Citicoline as an ingredient market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 9.59% during the forecast period.

Which region held the largest market share in the Citicoline as an ingredient market?

Europe held the largest share market in the Citicoline as an ingredient market.

Who are the key players in the Citicoline as an ingredient market?

The key players include Now Foods, Kyowa Hakka Bio Co., Ltd, Prescribed for life, Life Lab Supplements, and Pure Encapsulations.

Which Citicoline as an ingredient Form led the Citicoline as an ingredient market?

Powder is the leading segment in the Citicoline as an ingredient market in 2022.

Which Application had the largest market share in the Citicoline as an ingredient market?

The dietary supplements segment accounted for the largest market share in the Citicoline as an ingredient market in 2022.

Download Free Sample

Kindly complete the form below to receive a free sample of this Report

Compare Licence

×
Features License Type
Single User Multiuser License Enterprise User
Price $4,950 $5,950 $7,250
Maximum User Access Limit 1 User Upto 10 Users Unrestricted Access Throughout the Organization
Free Customization
Direct Access to Analyst
Deliverable Format
Platform Access
Discount on Next Purchase 10% 15% 15%
Printable Versions