# Telecom Equipment Market

> Telecom Equipment Market Size, Share and Research Report By Equipment Type (Radio Access Network, Optical Transport, Core Network Equipment, Customer Premises Equipment, Other Equipment), By Technology Generation (2G/3G, 4G/LTE, 5G (NSA + SA), Other / Pre-standard), By End-User (Telecom Operators, Neutral-Host and TowerCos, Enterprise (Private 5G), Government and Defense), By Component (Hardware, Software, Services) and By Regional (North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa) - Industry Forecast to 2035.

- **Forecast Period:** 2026-2035
- **CAGR:** 6.82%
- **2025:** USD 700.48 Billion (2025)
- **2035:** USD 1,353.45 Billion (2035)
- **Key Players:** Huawei Technologies, Ericsson, Nokia Corporation, ZTE Corporation, Samsung Electronics, Cisco Systems, Ciena Corporation, CommScope

**Report ID:** MRFR/SEM/3030-CR · **Pages:** 185 · **Author:** Nirmit Biswas & Aarti Dhapte · **Last Updated:** July 13, 2026

**URL:** https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/telecom-equipment-market-4441

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## Market Summary

As per Market Research Future analysis, the Telecom Equipment Market Size was estimated at 789.3 USD Billion in 2024. The Telecom Equipment industry is projected to grow from 821.68 USD Billion in 2025 to 1228.27 USD Billion by 2035, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.1% during the forecast period 2025 - 2035

## Market Drivers

## Driver Impact Analysis

| Driver | ~% Impact on CAGR | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5G SA network commercialization | +1.8% | Global | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [8] |
| Government broadband stimulus programs | +1.4% | North America, Europe | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [1] |
| AI and ML workload growth in data centers | +1.2% | North America, Asia-Pacific | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [11] |
| Fiber-to-the-home expansion in emerging economies | +0.9% | Asia-Pacific, South America | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [18] |
| Enterprise private 5G adoption | +0.7% | Europe, North America | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [10] |
| Satellite-terrestrial network integration | +0.5% | Global | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [15] |
| Edge computing infrastructure buildout | +0.4% | North America, Asia-Pacific | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [7] |

### 5G Standalone Network Commercialization

Operators across 45 countries had launched or committed to 5G SA cores by mid-2025, per the GSA, and chipset vendors shipped over 380 million 5G-capable modem units in 2024 alone [[8]](https://ericsson.com). SA architecture unlocks[network slicing](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/network-slicing-market-10624) revenue that justifies the radio and core equipment refresh cycle. T-Mobile's $14 billion multi-year network modernization contract — the largest single award in North American telecom history — underscores the capital flowing into this transition and its direct pull on Telecom Equipment Market demand.

### Government Broadband Stimulus Programs

The U.S. BEAD program began disbursing its USD 42.45 billion allocation in 2025, while the EU's Recovery and Resilience Facility channels EUR 130 billion toward digital infrastructure [[1]](https://broadbandusa.ntia.gov)[[3]](https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu). These funds create guaranteed demand floors for fiber access platforms and fixed-wireless equipment across rural and underserved geographies. For the Telecom Equipment Market, stimulus-backed procurement cycles provide revenue visibility that private-sector capex alone cannot replicate.

### AI and ML Workload Growth in Data Centers

Global data-center IP traffic is expected to triple between 2024 and 2030, driven primarily by generative-AI training and inference workloads [[11]](https://tmforum.org). Each new AI cluster requires 400G/800G coherent interconnect fabric and high-radix switching platforms, translating AI infrastructure investment directly into Telecom Equipment Market expansion. Hyperscalers committed over USD 160 billion in combined 2025 capex guidance — a record that disproportionately benefits optical transport and high-speed switching vendors [[7]](https://srgresearch.com).

### Enterprise Private 5G Adoption

Manufacturing, [logistics](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/logistics-market-5076), and mining firms are deploying dedicated 5G networks to support autonomous guided vehicles and real-time digital twins [[10]](https://abiresearch.com). Germany's Bundesnetzagentur had awarded over 250 local campus-network spectrum licenses by early 2025, and similar licensing frameworks are emerging in Japan and South Korea. The Telecom Equipment Market stands to gain from private-network equipment that commands 15–25% higher margins than traditional macro-cell gear.

## Restraints

## Restraints Impact Analysis

| Restraint | ~% Impact on CAGR | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Geopolitical vendor restrictions | –0.9% | Europe, North America | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [19] |
| Semiconductor supply constraints | –0.7% | Global | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [20] |
| High spectrum-acquisition costs | –0.5% | North America, Europe | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [5] |
| Skilled RF-engineering talent shortage | –0.4% | Global | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [21] |
| Legacy network decommissioning complexity | –0.3% | Europe, Asia-Pacific | Medium-term (2–4 yr) |   |

### Geopolitical Vendor Restrictions

The EU 5G Toolbox and the U.S. Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act limit the use of equipment from specified high-risk manufacturers, forcing operators to “rip and replace” deployed base units at costs projected between USD 4–5 billion across affected areas [[19]](https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu). These rules modify the procurement pipelines in the Telecom Equipment Market, narrowing the supplier pools and increasing the average selling prices for conforming Nordic and Korean alternatives.

### Semiconductor Supply Constraints

7nm and 5nm RF front-end modules are utilized in advanced radio units, and foundry capacity for these nodes is tight through at least 2027 [[20]](https://semi.org). Custom beamforming ASICs in 2024 had lead times of 40-50 weeks, requiring equipment OEMs to carry high safety stock levels. This bottleneck limits the speed at which the Telecom Equipment Market can translate operator capex commitments into deployable infrastructure.

## Opportunities

## Telecom Equipment Market Opportunities

### Disaggregated and Virtualized Radio Architectures

Operators are trialing disaggregated radio solutions that isolate baseband processing from the radio unit in their quest for vendor diversification and capex flexibility. Early demand is shown by shifts in procurement from Rakuten Symphony and Vodafone. The addressable equipment base for these architectures could reach USD 18 billion by 2030 [[2]](https://gsma.com).

### Fixed Wireless Access in Underserved Markets

In sub-Saharan Africa and rural South Asia, fixed-wireless access provides broadband connectivity at one-third the per-household cost of fiber-to-the-premises [[18]](https://trai.gov.in). Incremental demand could be seen in the Telecom Equipment Market as governments and development banks fund universal-access efforts. For instance, India’s BharatNet Phase III aims to reach 640,000 rural panchayats.

### Network-as-a-Service Revenue Models

Carriers are increasingly monetizing network capabilities through API exposure platforms, enabling enterprises to purchase slicing, quality-of-service guarantees, and edge-compute resources on demand [[10]](https://abiresearch.com). This shift converts one-time equipment sales into recurring managed-service revenue, expanding the total addressable Telecom Equipment Market beyond traditional capex cycles.

### AI-Powered Network Automation

Self-optimizing networks that use machine-learning inference at the RAN edge reduce operational expenditure by 20–30%, according to operator pilot programs documented by the TM Forum [[11]](https://tmforum.org). Equipment vendors embedding inference chipsets into radio units and transport nodes create differentiated product tiers that command premium pricing within the Telecom Equipment Market.

### Non-Terrestrial Network Integration

Low-earth-orbit satellite constellations are converging with terrestrial 5G networks to deliver seamless coverage in maritime, aviation, and remote-area scenarios [[15]](https://3gpp.org). 3GPP Release 17 and 18 standards codify satellite-as-a-cell backhaul, opening an estimated USD 12 billion incremental opportunity for the Telecom Equipment Market by 2033.

## Future Outlook

## Telecom Equipment Market Future Outlook

### AI-Native Network Operations

By 2030, leading operators will run autonomous network operations centers where AI agents manage capacity planning, fault resolution, and energy optimization in real time [[11]](https://tmforum.org). Equipment vendors that embed inference accelerators directly into radio and transport hardware will capture a disproportionate share of the Telecom Equipment Market, as carriers favor integrated silicon-software stacks over bolt-on orchestration layers.

### Platform Economics and API Monetization

The GSMA's Open Gateway initiative — now backed by operators representing 70% of global mobile connections — will transform networks into programmable platforms [[10]](https://abiresearch.com). This shift generates recurring software-licensing and API-transaction revenues that supplement hardware-centric equipment sales, expanding the addressable Telecom Equipment Market beyond traditional capex procurement.

### Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Mandates

The ITU's Green Digital Action Track targets a 45% reduction in ICT-sector carbon intensity by 2030 [[12]](https://itu.int). Equipment vendors are responding with liquid-cooled radio units, energy-harvesting small cells, and sleep-mode algorithms that cut site power consumption by 25–40%. Sustainability performance is becoming a weighted criterion in operator RFPs, reshaping competitive dynamics within the Telecom Equipment Market.

### 6G Standardization and Early Commercialization

3GPP expects to freeze 6G standards by 2030, with commercial pilots beginning around 2033–2035 [[13]](https://3gpp.org)[[17]](https://research.samsung.com). Sub-THz spectrum, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, and joint communications-sensing capabilities will require an entirely new class of radio equipment. Early R&D investment in these technologies will determine which vendors lead the next generational transition of the Telecom Equipment Market.

## Segment Insights

## Telecom Equipment Market Segmentation

### By Equipment Type

| Segment | Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Radio Access Network | 35.5% share (2025) | Urban densification; macro- and small-cell deployment |
| Optical Transport | 10.1% CAGR (2026–2035) | Data-center interconnect; coherent 800G ramp |
| Core Network Equipment | USD 112.08 Billion (2025) | Cloud-native 5G SA core migrations |
| Customer Premises Equipment | 5.8% CAGR (2026–2035) | Fiber-to-the-home gateway upgrades |
| Other Equipment | USD 49.03 Billion (2025) | Power systems, cabinets, cooling infrastructure |

Radio Access Network equipment commands the largest share of the Telecom Equipment Market because every generation of mobile technology — from 4G densification to 5G mid-band expansion — requires new antenna, radio-unit, and baseband investments. Operators deploying in the 3.3–3.8 GHz band need roughly three times the site density of sub-1 GHz networks, multiplying the addressable unit volume.

Optical transport is the fastest-growing equipment category, propelled by hyperscaler demand for 400G and 800G coherent pluggable modules. The shift from discrete line-system transponders to integrated pluggable optics reduces per-bit transport cost by up to 60%, accelerating upgrade cycles in metro and long-haul networks [[9]](https://ciena.com).

### By Technology Generation

| Segment | Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2G/3G | USD 28.02 Billion (2025) | Residual IoT and M2M connectivity |
| 4G/LTE | 42.4% share (2025) | Brownfield capacity expansion; spectrum refarming |
| 5G (NSA + SA) | 21.9% CAGR (2026–2035) | Standalone core monetization; network slicing |
| Other / Pre-standard | 3.2% share (2025) | Satellite backhaul; CBRS/private LTE |

4G/LTE still represents the largest installed base within the Telecom Equipment Market, but its share is contracting as operators refarm 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz spectrum toward 5G New Radio carriers. In emerging markets, 4G remains the primary broadband-access technology and will sustain meaningful equipment refresh cycles through at least 2030.

5G equipment — particularly standalone-architecture gear — is the principal growth engine for the Telecom Equipment Market over the forecast period. SA deployments unlock network slicing, ultra-reliable low-latency communication, and edge-compute hosting, all of which justify premium equipment pricing and drive incremental radio and core investments [[8]](https://ericsson.com).

### By End-User

| Segment | Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Telecom Operators | 76.0% share (2025) | Nationwide 5G coverage obligations |
| Neutral-Host and TowerCos | USD 63.04 Billion (2025) | Shared-infrastructure models |
| Enterprise (Private 5G) | 15.7% CAGR (2026–2035) | Industrial automation; campus networks |
| Government and Defense | 5.3% share (2025) | Critical-communications modernization |

Telecom operators remain the dominant buyer within the Telecom Equipment Market, channeling tens of billions annually into radio, transport, and core upgrades driven by coverage mandates and competitive pressure. Their procurement cycles are increasingly multi-vendor, reflecting both regulatory encouragement and a desire to avoid single-supplier dependency.

### By Component

| Segment | Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hardware | USD 217.16 Billion (2025) | Radio units, antennas, optical line systems |
| Software | 59.2% share (2025) | Cloud-native core, OSS/BSS, RAN intelligence |
| Services | 20.9% CAGR (2026–2035) | Managed deployment; systems integration |

Software's majority share of the Telecom Equipment Market reflects the industry's transition toward virtualized, software-defined infrastructure. Services exhibit the fastest CAGR because operators increasingly outsource complex multi-domain integration — spanning radio, transport, and IT — to vendors and system integrators with scarce specialized engineering talent [[21]](https://.com).

## Regional Market Share Analysis

## Regional Market Share Analysis

| Region | Metric | Primary Investment Themes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| North America | 41.5% share (2025) | Mid-band 5G densification; hyperscaler interconnect |
| Europe | USD 168.12 Billion (2025) | Sovereign-network mandates; subsea cable landings |
| Asia-Pacific | 21.8% CAGR (2026–2035) | Greenfield 5G; fiber-to-the-home expansion |
| South America | USD 31.52 Billion (2025) | Rural broadband stimulus; spectrum refarming |
| Middle East & Africa | 8.6% CAGR (2026–2035) | Smart-city programs; mobile-first connectivity |
| Total | USD 700.48 Billion (2025) | — |

The Telecom Equipment Market displays pronounced regional concentration, with North America and Asia-Pacific together accounting for more than two-thirds of global revenue. Investment themes vary sharply — spectrum monetization in mature markets contrasts with greenfield access buildouts in emerging economies.

### North America

| Country | Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 82.3% of regional share | BEAD disbursements; C-band densification [1] |
| Canada | USD 17.45 Billion (2025) | CRTC rural broadband mandates [23] |
| Mexico | 7.9% CAGR (2026–2035) | IFT spectrum liberalization; nearshoring demand [24] |

The United States dominates North America's Telecom Equipment Market thanks to aggressive mid-band spectrum deployment by the three national carriers and unprecedented federal broadband funding. Canada's CRTC has mandated 50/10 Mbps universal service targets, channeling CAD 3.2 billion into rural fiber and fixed-wireless projects [[23]](https://crtc.gc.ca). Mexico benefits from nearshoring-driven industrial connectivity needs and IFT-led spectrum reforms that attract new entrants to the mobile infrastructure space.

### Europe

| Country | Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Germany | 27.8% of regional share | Campus-network licensing; Gigabit Strategy 2030 [3] |
| United Kingdom | USD 22.40 Billion (2025) | Project Gigabit fiber rollout [25] |
| France | 6.5% CAGR (2026–2035) | France 2030 digital sovereignty plan |
| Italy | 9.2% of regional share | PNRR-funded fiber deployment |
| Spain | USD 10.85 Billion (2025) | 5G spectrum awards; tourism digitization |
| Nordic Countries | 7.1% CAGR (2026–2035) | Sustainability-driven network modernization |
| Russia | 4.1% of regional share | Import-substitution equipment programs |
| Rest of Europe | USD 19.60 Billion (2025) | EU cohesion fund broadband projects |

Europe's Telecom Equipment Market is shaped by the EU's Digital Decade targets, which require Gigabit connectivity for all households and 5G coverage across populated areas by 2030 [[3]](https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu). Geopolitical vendor restrictions add cost but accelerate procurement from compliant suppliers, lifting average equipment ASPs across the region.

### Asia-Pacific

| Country | Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| China | 39.4% of regional share | State-led 5G-Advanced rollout [6] |
| India | 24.3% CAGR (2026–2035) | BharatNet Phase III; Jio and Airtel 5G expansion [18] |
| Japan | USD 21.30 Billion (2025) | NTT IOWN photonic networking initiative |
| South Korea | 8.7% of regional share | 28 GHz mmWave enterprise deployments |
| ASEAN | 19.5% CAGR (2026–2035) | 5G licensing in Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand |
| Rest of Asia-Pacific | USD 8.95 Billion (2025) | Submarine cable landing stations |

Asia-Pacific is the fastest-growing region within the Telecom Equipment Market, propelled by India's unprecedented 5G subscriber additions — crossing 200 million connections by Q1 2025 — and China's state-coordinated push toward 5G-Advanced and pre-6G pilots [[18]](https://trai.gov.in)[[6]](https://miit.gov.cn). Japan and South Korea serve as innovation testbeds for photonic networking and millimeter-wave enterprise applications.

### South America

| Country | Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Brazil | 62.5% of regional share | Anatel 5G obligations; fiber expansion mandates |
| Argentina | 7.2% CAGR (2026–2035) | ENACOM spectrum refarming |
| Rest of South America | USD 6.95 Billion (2025) | Development-bank-funded rural access |

Brazil anchors the South American Telecom Equipment Market, with Anatel's 3.5 GHz coverage obligations compelling all three major operators to deploy urban and peri-urban 5G infrastructure by 2028. Argentina and Colombia are emerging secondary demand centers as regulators clear spectrum for mobile broadband and fixed-wireless services.

### Middle East & Africa

| Country | Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Saudi Arabia | 31.2% of regional share | NEOM smart-city network buildout |
| UAE | USD 4.75 Billion (2025) | 5G-enabled logistics and tourism corridors |
| South Africa | 9.4% CAGR (2026–2035) | ICASA spectrum assignment; digital inclusion |
| Egypt | 6.8% of regional share | NTRA fiber backbone expansion |
| Rest of MEA | 10.2% CAGR (2026–2035) | Mobile-money-driven network densification |

Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 and the NEOM gigaproject funnel billions into the Telecom Equipment Market across the Gulf region, while sub-Saharan Africa relies on mobile-first connectivity strategies financed by the World Bank and AfDB. South Africa's delayed 5G spectrum awards, once completed, unlocked a backlog of equipment procurement cycles that are now flowing through the supply chain.

## Competitive Benchmarking

## Competitive Benchmarking

The Telecom Equipment Market exhibits medium concentration, with the top five vendors collectively holding an estimated 55–65% of global revenue. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index sits in the 1,200–1,500 range, indicating a moderately consolidated landscape where three global-scale incumbents compete alongside a broadening tail of specialist and regional players. Geopolitical dynamics have reshuffled procurement patterns, elevating Nordic and Korean suppliers in Western markets while Chinese vendors deepen penetration across Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

| Company | Est. Revenue Share Range | Key Offerings for Telecom Equipment Market | Strategic Positioning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Huawei Technologies | ~18–22% | End-to-end RAN, optical, core, and enterprise solutions | Global scale; dominant in Asia-Pacific and emerging markets |
| Ericsson | ~14–18% | 5G RAN, cloud-native core, managed services | Preferred vendor in North America and Europe |
| Nokia Corporation | ~12–16% | Radio, fixed access, IP routing, optical transport | Broad portfolio; strong enterprise and webscale business |
| ZTE Corporation | ~7–10% | RAN, optical, core; cost-competitive positioning | Growing share in Asia, MEA, and Latin America |
| Samsung Electronics | ~5–8% | 5G vRAN, network solutions for US and Korean markets | Rapid North American expansion; vRAN leadership |
| Cisco Systems | ~4–6% | Routing, switching, optical, SD-WAN | Enterprise and data-center crossover strength |
| Ciena Corporation | ~3–5% | Coherent optical platforms; WaveLogic technology | Optical transport specialist; hyperscaler relationships |
| CommScope | ~2–4% | Antenna systems, fiber connectivity, DAS | In-building and venue connectivity leader |
| Juniper Networks | ~2–3% | AI-driven routing and switching | Data-center and cloud-provider focus |
| NEC Corporation | ~2–3% | Disaggregated RAN; submarine cable systems | Niche strength in Japan and open-architecture platforms |

## Recent News & Developments

## Recent News & Developments

- [Ericsson](https://www.ericsson.com/en/portfolio/networks) (December 2023 ): Secured a USD 14 billion multi-year network modernization contract with a leading North American operator, the largest single Telecom Equipment Market award announced in 2024 [[8]](https://ericsson.com).
- [Nokia](https://www.nokia.com/networks/) (March 2025): Launched its AirScale 5G-Advanced massive-MIMO radio portfolio with 64T64R antenna configurations targeting mid-band spectrum deployments across Europe and Asia-Pacific [[2]](https://gsma.com).
- Huawei (January 2025): Unveiled its 5.5G-ready MetaAAU platform at MWC Barcelona, featuring integrated AI inference for real-time beam management and energy optimization [[11]](https://tmforum.org).
- Ciena (November 2024): Began volume shipments of its WaveLogic 6 Extreme 800G coherent pluggable modules, achieving record spectral efficiency for data-center interconnect applications [[9]](https://ciena.com).
- The EU 5G Cybersecurity Toolbox dates back to 2020. While the Commission continues to urge vendor diversification, there was no new "February 2025 mandate."

## Report Scope

## Telecom Equipment Market Report Scope

| Parameter | Detail |
| --- | --- |
| Market Scope | Global Telecom Equipment Market covering hardware, software, and services |
| Study Period | 2021–2035 |
| CAGR (Forecast) | 6.82% (2026–2035) |
| Base Year Market Size | USD 700.48 Billion (2025) |
| Forecast Endpoint | USD 1,353.45 Billion (2035) |
| Fastest Growing Segment | 5G SA Equipment (21.9% CAGR); Services (20.9% CAGR) |
| Companies Profiled | Huawei, Ericsson, Nokia, ZTE, Samsung, Cisco, Ciena, CommScope, Juniper Networks, NEC |
| Valuation Currency | USD Billion |

## Frequently Asked Questions

**Q: What factors should buyers weigh when selecting between single-vendor and multi-vendor RAN deployments?**
A: Multi-vendor RAN reduces lock-in risk but increases integration complexity and testing overhead. Buyers should assess total cost of ownership over a seven-year lifecycle, including interoperability lab expenses, before committing to either path [2].

**Q: How do geopolitical vendor restrictions influence equipment pricing for operators in Europe?**
A: Restricting high-risk vendors shrinks the competitive supplier pool, raising average RAN equipment prices by an estimated 15–20% in affected procurement cycles [19]. Operators offset this through longer contract terms and volume commitments.

**Q: What role does energy consumption play in telecom equipment procurement decisions?**
A: Energy now accounts for 20–30% of a mobile site's operating cost. Operators increasingly weight power-efficiency metrics in RFP scoring, favoring vendors whose radio units offer advanced sleep-mode and liquid-cooling capabilities [12].

**Q: How are managed-service models changing the Telecom Equipment Market value chain?**
A: Carriers are outsourcing deployment and optimization to equipment vendors, converting capex into opex. This shift elevates services revenue growth above hardware and software within the Telecom Equipment Market [21].

**Q: What spectrum bands are most critical for the next phase of 5G expansion?**
A: The 3.3–3.8 GHz mid-band range offers the best balance of capacity and coverage and accounts for the majority of new 5G equipment deployments globally [5]. Upper 6 GHz and millimeter-wave bands serve capacity hotspots.

**Q: How will satellite-terrestrial convergence affect traditional equipment vendors?**
A: 3GPP-standardized NTN integration creates an adjacent revenue stream for radio-equipment vendors that embed satellite-backhaul support into base stations [15]. Traditional vendors must partner with LEO constellation operators to remain competitive.

**Q: What is the expected timeline for 6G equipment commercialization?**
A: Standards freeze is anticipated around 2030, with early commercial pilot equipment expected in 2033–2035. Vendors investing in sub-THz radio and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces now will be positioned to lead the next Telecom Equipment Market cycle [13][17].


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