# Student Accommodation Market

> Student Accommodation Market Size, Share, Industry Trend & Analysis Research Report By Room Type (Entire Place / Studio, Private Room, Shared Room), By Type of Institution (K-12, Higher Education, Others), By Type of Accommodation (On-Campus / University-Owned Accommodation, Off-Campus / Purpose-Built Student Accommodation (PBSA)), By Student (Domestic, International), By Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa) - Forecast to 2035

- **Forecast Period:** 2026-2035
- **CAGR:** 10.9%
- **2025:** USD 11.82 billion
- **2035:** USD 33.24 billion
- **Key Players:** American Campus Communities, Greystar Real Estate Partners, The Unite Group plc, iQ Student Accommodation, Yugo, Scape, The Scion Group, Campus Living Villages

**Report ID:** MRFR/CG/34833-HCR · **Pages:** 100 · **Author:** Rahul Gotadki · **Last Updated:** October 24, 2026

**URL:** https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/student-accommodation-market-36750

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## Market Summary

## Student Accommodation Market Summary

The global student accommodation market was valued at USD 11.82 billion in 2025 and is forecast to reach USD 13.10 billion in 2026, rising to USD 33.24 billion by 2035 at a CAGR of 10.9% over 2026–2035. Record student mobility anchors this demand. US institutions hosted 1,126,690 international students in the 2023/24 academic year [1], and UK providers enrolled 758,855 non-UK students in 2022/23 [4]. Bed supply in most leading university cities has not kept pace, which keeps occupancy high and rents firm.

Operators are gradually substituting splintered, informal rental housing and aging university-built halls with professionally managed, amenity-rich assets. [Leasing](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/leasing-market-24472) has digitized, smart-lock access and app-based maintenance are becoming table stakes, and energy-efficient architecture is now a finance need rather than a selling point. Institutional capital validates the defining transaction in the sector: the USD 12.8 billion take-private of American Campus Communities by Blackstone in 2022 [12].

The UK’s deep and liquid investment market underpins Europe’s 38.6% share of the student accommodation market in 2025. Asia-Pacific is the fastest-expanding region at a CAGR of 13.4%, with tertiary enrollment growth in India and Southeast Asia, as well as the introduction of overseas branch campuses. The second is North America, where major public campuses are increasingly built as public-private partnerships. Over the next decade, growth will shift to cities with the fastest-expanding enrollments and the thinnest organized supply.

## Key Report Takeaways

### • By Room Type

- Private Room accounts for 48.6% of the student accommodation market in 2025, reflecting a sustained premium on privacy and secure access.
- Shared Room is the fastest-growing format at an 11.9% CAGR, as affordability shapes demand in price-sensitive cities.
- Entire Place / Studio units generated USD 2.48 billion in 2025, concentrated among postgraduate and international residents.

### • By Type of Institution

- Higher Education holds 82.3% of revenue, tracking degree-level enrollment in gateway university cities.
- Others, covering vocational and professional learners, is the fastest-growing category at a 12.3% CAGR.

### • By Type of Accommodation

- Off-Campus / Purpose-Built Student Accommodation (PBSA) captures 57.2% of the student accommodation market, making it the dominant investment format.
- On-Campus / University-Owned Accommodation was worth USD 5.06 billion in 2025, increasingly delivered through partnership structures.

### • By Student

- Domestic students represent 63.5% of demand, forming the stable base of annual leasing cycles.
- International students are the faster-growing cohort at an 11.8% CAGR despite visa tightening in several destinations.

### • By Region

- Europe holds a 38.6% share, led by the United Kingdom's mature portfolio market
- Asia-Pacific is expanding at a 13.4% CAGR on the back of enrollment growth in India and ASEAN
- North America generated USD 3.69 billion in 2025, anchored by large public university systems

## Market Size and Forecast (2021–2035)

Market Research Future estimated the student accommodation industry by aggregating bed inventory, average achievable rents and occupancy rates across 40+ countries and then validating totals against listed-operator filings, transaction databases and national enrollment statistics [1][2][4][13]. Historical numbers are recorded data. Forecast values are based on enrollment estimates, development pipelines and rental growth assumptions.

## Market Drivers

## Driver Impact Analysis

| Driver | ~% Impact on CAGR | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rising international student mobility | +2.4% | US, UK, Australia, Canada, Germany | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [1][2][3] |
| Structural bed shortages in university cities | +2.1% | UK, US, Ireland, Netherlands, Germany | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [9][13][24] |
| Institutional capital inflows | +1.8% | Global | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [10][11][12] |
| Expanding tertiary enrollment in Asia | +1.6% | India, China, ASEAN | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [16] |
| University public-private partnerships | +1.3% | US, Canada, UK | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [23] |
| Digital leasing and smart-building operations | +0.9% | Global | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [17][20] |

### Rising International Student Mobility

More than 6 million students now study outside their home country, according to UNESCO [3], and OECD members alone host roughly 4.4 million international tertiary students [2]. These students rarely have family homes nearby, so they rent professionally managed beds at higher rates and for longer contracts than domestic peers. The United States recorded an all-time high of 1,126,690 international enrollments in 2023/24 [1], sustaining demand in gateway cities even as some destinations tighten visa rules.

### Structural Bed Shortages in University Cities

Supply has lagged enrollment for a decade in most mature markets. Industry estimates cited by Unite Students point to a potential UK shortfall of around 600,000 beds by 2026, while Unite reported occupancy near 98% for the 2024/25 year [13]. Germany's public student halls house fewer than one in ten of its roughly 2.9 million students [24]. These gaps give operators pricing power and shorten lease-up periods for new schemes.

### Institutional Capital Inflows

Pension funds, sovereign wealth funds, and private equity view student beds as counter-cyclical, needs-based income. UK investment volumes reached around £4.5 billion in 2024 [11], and JLL tracks growing cross-border allocations into continental Europe and Australia [10]. Blackstone's USD 12.8 billion acquisition of American Campus Communities set a valuation benchmark that continues to attract new entrants and joint-venture capital [12].

### Expanding Tertiary Enrollment in Asia

India enrolled 43.3 million higher-education students in 2021–22, with a gross enrolment ratio of 28.4% [16], and national policy targets a 50% ratio by 2035. China's higher-education gross enrolment ratio reached 60.2% in 2023 . Regulations issued by India's University Grants Commission in 2023 now allow foreign universities to open campuses locally , creating new demand clusters that lack organized residential supply.

### University Public-Private Partnerships

Universities facing capital constraints increasingly hand development and operation to private partners under long ground leases. American Campus Communities' 2,300-bed South 5th project at the University of Michigan, scheduled for Fall 2026, illustrates the scale these partnerships now reach [23]. The model lets institutions refresh ageing stock without adding balance-sheet debt, while operators secure long-duration, campus-adjacent income.

### Digital Leasing and Smart-Building Operations

Online viewing, e-signature leasing, and app-based service requests have cut vacancy periods and staffing costs. RealPage data show US student housing rents grew by roughly 4% for Fall 2024, aided by data-driven pricing [20]. Because buildings account for about 30% of global final energy consumption [17], smart metering and automated controls also deliver measurable savings and support ESG disclosure requirements.

## Restraints

## Restraints Impact Analysis

| Restraint | ~% Impact on CAGR | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Immigration policy tightening | −1.9% | UK, Canada, Australia | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [5] |
| High construction and financing costs | −1.6% | Europe, North America | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [9][10] |
| Affordability pressure and rent regulation | −1.1% | Europe, North America | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [11] |
| Planning and zoning constraints | −0.9% | UK, Ireland, Netherlands, US | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [19] |
| Domestic demographic decline | −0.7% | US, Japan, South Korea, Southern Europe | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [14] |

### Immigration Policy Tightening

Three major destinations restricted student inflows in 2024. The UK removed dependant visas for most taught postgraduates [5], Canada capped study permits at roughly 35% below 2023 levels , and Australia proposed a 270,000 limit on new international commencements for 2025 . These moves soften demand in secondary cities and for premium studio units.

### High Construction and Financing Costs

Build costs in the UK rose sharply between 2020 and 2023, and higher interest rates widened the gap between development costs and achievable rents [9]. Several schemes were paused or repriced, and JLL notes that development viability now depends heavily on forward-funding partners [10]. Smaller developers face the steepest pressure.

### Affordability Pressure and Rent Regulation

Rents for purpose-built rooms increasingly exceed government maintenance support in many cities, raising political scrutiny [11]. Rent controls in parts of Europe and proposed caps in Ireland and the Netherlands limit rental growth assumptions. Operators must balance yield targets against reputational and regulatory risk.

### Planning and Zoning Constraints

Local authorities often resist high-density student schemes, citing neighbourhood concentration and housing priorities. StuRents data show UK new-bed deliveries have fallen well short of demand growth since 2022 [19]. Lengthy approvals add holding costs and push delivery timelines beyond enrollment peaks.

### Domestic Demographic Decline

WICHE projects US high-school graduates will peak at about 3.8 million in 2025 before declining roughly 13% by 2041 [14]. Japan, South Korea, and Southern Europe face similar contractions. Weaker domestic cohorts raise vacancy risk for regional campuses without international appeal.

## Opportunities

## Student Accommodation Market Opportunities

### Organized Supply in Emerging Asian Markets

India and Southeast Asia combine fast enrollment growth with very low penetration of professionally managed beds, offering the largest greenfield prospect for the student accommodation market. Deakin University and the University of Wollongong opened campuses at GIFT City in 2024 under the 2023 UGC framework , creating immediate need for quality housing near new academic clusters.

### Data-Driven Revenue Models

Operators sitting on years of leasing, occupancy, and service data can monetize it through dynamic pricing, bundled ancillary services, and referral partnerships for insurance, [banking](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/banking-market-23852), and mobility. Booking-platform integration and consent-based analytics let larger platforms raise revenue per bed by several percentage points without new construction [20].

### Conversion of Obsolete Offices and Hotels

Vacant secondary offices and older hotels in city centres offer faster, lower-carbon routes to new supply. Conversions avoid some planning hurdles and shorten delivery by up to a year compared with ground-up builds [11]. This approach directly offsets the cost pressures described earlier.

### Flexible Stays for Non-Traditional Learners

Apprentices, interns, researchers, and short-course learners need furnished, flexible housing but rarely fit standard academic-year contracts. Operators adapting layouts toward co-living spaces and monthly terms can capture this demand year-round and reduce summer voids.

### Net-Zero Retrofit and Green Financing

Unite Students has committed to net-zero carbon operations by 2030 [13], and lenders increasingly offer margin discounts for certified green assets. Retrofitting heating, insulation, and metering in older portfolios protects exit values and unlocks sustainability-linked debt [17].

## Future Outlook

## Student Accommodation Market Future Outlook

### AI-Enabled Leasing and Operations

Artificial intelligence will reshape how operators in the student accommodation market price, lease, and maintain beds. Predictive models already forecast pre-leasing curves by building and room type, while chatbots handle a growing share of resident enquiries [20]. By the early 2030s, predictive maintenance and automated energy management should cut operating costs per bed meaningfully.

### Platform Consolidation and Capital Recycling

Large owners will keep buying smaller portfolios to gain scale in procurement, technology, and branding. The Unite–Empiric transaction and Blackstone's US platform show the trend [12][13]. Expect more joint ventures in which operators retain management contracts while recycling capital into new development.

### Decarbonisation and ESG Reporting

Buildings account for about 30% of global final energy use and 26% of energy-related emissions [17]. The European Union's recast Energy Performance of Buildings Directive requires zero-emission new buildings from 2030, raising the specification for every new European scheme. Assets without credible net-zero pathways will face discounts at sale.

### Shifting Geography of Demand

UNESCO data show student mobility increasingly flows toward Asia and within regions rather than only to English-speaking countries [3]. India's 50% enrolment target for 2035 and ASEAN's education-hub strategies will redirect a growing share of the student accommodation market toward Asia-Pacific. Operators that establish platforms there early will hold a lasting advantage.

## Segment Insights

## Student Accommodation Market Segmentation

### By Room Type

| Segment | Key Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Entire Place / Studio | USD 2.48 billion | Postgraduate and international demand for independence |
| Private Room | 48.6% share | Privacy, security, and predictable living costs |
| Shared Room | 11.9% CAGR | Affordability in price-sensitive cities |

Private Room is the largest format in the student accommodation market, valued by residents for privacy and secure access within managed buildings. Shared Room grows fastest because rising tuition and living costs push students toward lower-priced options, especially in emerging markets. Entire Place / Studio units serve a narrower premium audience, mainly postgraduates and international students who want self-contained living and are willing to pay higher weekly rents.

### By Type of Institution

| Segment | Key Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| K-12 | USD 0.89 billion | Boarding schools and international school residences |
| Higher Education | 82.3% share | University enrollment in gateway cities |
| Others | 12.3% CAGR | Vocational, professional, and hybrid learners |

Higher Education anchors the student accommodation market because universities generate the deepest, most predictable leasing pools and the strongest partnership pipelines. Others grow fastest as vocational programs, apprenticeships, and professional courses expand the resident base beyond traditional degree students. K-12 remains small and tightly regulated, limited mainly to boarding schools and international school residences with strict safeguarding requirements.

### By Type of Accommodation

| Segment | Key Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| On-Campus / University-Owned Accommodation | USD 5.06 billion | Institutional control of student experience |
| Off-Campus / Purpose-Built Student Accommodation (PBSA) | 57.2% share | Professional management and investor appetite |

Off-Campus / Purpose-Built Student Accommodation (PBSA) leads the student accommodation market and is also the faster-growing format, combining campus proximity with professional operations and institutional funding. On-Campus / University-Owned Accommodation remains essential for first-year students and campus integration, though universities increasingly deliver new stock through partnerships rather than direct borrowing. The gap between the two formats is expected to widen over the forecast period.

### By Student

| Segment | Key Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Domestic | 63.5% share | Stable annual enrollment cycles |
| International | 11.8% CAGR | Cross-border mobility and branch campuses |

Domestic students form the majority of the student accommodation market and provide reliable baseline occupancy across academic cycles. International students grow faster and pay higher average rents, favouring premium private rooms and studios close to campus. Visa tightening in the UK, Canada, and Australia slows this cohort near term, but rising mobility toward Asia and continental Europe sustains long-run growth.

## Regional Market Share Analysis

## Regional Market Share Analysis

| Region | Key Metric (2025) | Primary Investment Themes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| North America | USD 3.69 billion | Campus partnership delivery, refurbishment of ageing halls |
| Europe | 38.6% share | UK portfolio consolidation, continental build-out |
| Asia-Pacific | 13.4% CAGR | Branch campuses, organized supply in India and ASEAN |
| South America | 4.7% share | Private university growth, early institutional entry |
| Middle East & Africa | 12.1% CAGR | Gulf education hubs, South African bed backlog |
| Total | USD 11.82 billion | — |

Regional performance in the student accommodation market reflects the depth of each region's university system, its openness to international students, and the maturity of its investment market. Europe leads on scale, while Asia-Pacific sets the growth pace.

### North America

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| US | 78.4% of region | Record international enrollment and partnership projects |
| Canada | USD 0.62 billion | Rental scarcity in Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal |
| Mexico | 11.3% CAGR | Private university expansion in Monterrey and Mexico City |

The United States dominates regional revenue, combining the world's largest international student population [1] with a steady pipeline of campus partnership projects such as the University of Michigan scheme [23]. Canada faces a near-term slowdown after its 2024 permit cap , though domestic rental shortages keep purpose-built beds well occupied. Mexico remains small but is growing quickly as private universities attract students from across Latin America.

### Europe

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| UK | 41.2% of region | Deep investor base and chronic bed shortfall |
| Germany | USD 0.64 billion | Limited public hall capacity |
| France | 10.6% CAGR | Paris and Lyon supply gaps |
| Italy | USD 0.27 billion | Recovery-plan funding for student beds |
| Spain | 12.2% CAGR | Rapid international enrollment in Madrid and Barcelona |
| Nordic Countries | 5.8% of region | Strong rental regulation, stable demand |
| Russia | USD 0.15 billion | State-led campus housing |
| Rest of Europe | 13.5% of region | Netherlands, Ireland, Poland, Portugal growth |

The United Kingdom anchors the European student accommodation market, home to the largest listed operator and the deepest transaction market [13]. Germany's roughly 2.9 million students far outnumber available public beds [24], drawing new private schemes into Berlin, Munich, and Frankfurt. Spain and Portugal are absorbing fresh capital as international enrollment rises, and Greystar continues to build its continental platform [21].

### Asia-Pacific

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| China | 31.5% of region | High gross enrolment and campus modernization |
| India | 15.8% CAGR | Enrollment growth and foreign branch campuses |
| Japan | USD 0.38 billion | Inbound student targets and urban rental demand |
| South Korea | 8.7% of region | International recruitment to offset demographic decline |
| ASEAN | 14.6% CAGR | Malaysia and Vietnam education hubs |
| Rest of Asia-Pacific | USD 0.62 billion | Australia and New Zealand institutional supply |

China's large public universities still house most students on campus, but private operators are winning refurbishment and management contracts . India is the region's growth engine, pairing 43.3 million higher-education enrollees with almost no organized supply [16]. Australia, within Rest of Asia-Pacific, holds a mature institutional market, though its 2025 commencement limits temper near-term international demand .

### South America

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Brazil | 52.6% of region | Large private higher-education sector |
| Argentina | USD 0.10 billion | Tuition-free public universities attracting regional students |
| Rest of South America | 10.4% CAGR | Chile, Colombia, and Peru urban campuses |

Brazil enrolled about 9.4 million higher-education students in 2022, most at private institutions [25], yet professionally managed beds remain rare outside São Paulo. Argentina's free public universities draw students from neighbouring countries, sustaining informal demand in Buenos Aires. Institutional investors are testing the region through small portfolios in Santiago and Bogotá.

### Middle East & Africa

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Saudi Arabia | USD 0.13 billion | Vision 2030 education investment |
| UAE | 13.9% CAGR | International branch campuses in Dubai |
| South Africa | 19.8% of region | Large public-university bed backlog |
| Egypt | USD 0.05 billion | New private and international universities |
| Rest of MEA | 18.3% of region | Qatar, Kenya, Nigeria education growth |

The UAE hosts more than 30 international branch campuses, pushing demand for managed beds in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. South Africa's government estimates a public-university bed shortfall of roughly 500,000 , drawing private developers into Johannesburg, Pretoria, and Cape Town. Saudi Arabia is channelling Vision 2030 funding into new campuses that will require modern residential capacity.

## Competitive Benchmarking

## Competitive Benchmarking

The student lodging sector is highly fragmented, and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index is estimated to be around 400, with the top five operators accounting for around 18-22% of revenues globally. Big platforms dominate in the UK, US and Australia, but elsewhere most beds are still owned by independent landlords and halls controlled by universities. Consolidation is accelerating as Greystar and others go worldwide [21].

| Company | Est. Revenue Share Range | Key Offerings for Student Accommodation Market | Strategic Positioning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| American Campus Communities | ~5–7% | Off-campus and on-campus partnership housing in the US | Largest US platform, Blackstone-backed |
| Greystar Real Estate Partners | ~4–6% | Development, ownership, and third-party management | Global operator expanding across Europe |
| The Unite Group plc | ~3–5% | Purpose-built beds in UK university cities | UK market leader with university nomination deals |
| iQ Student Accommodation | ~2–3% | Premium city-centre UK assets | Blackstone-owned UK platform |
| Yugo | ~1.5–3% | Managed residences across Europe, US, and Australia | Multi-country operating brand |
| Scape | ~1–2% | High-density urban beds in Australia and UK | Design-led urban developer |
| The Scion Group | ~1–2% | Acquisition and management of US assets | Investment-driven U.S. operator |
| Campus Living Villages | ~1–2% | University partnership housing in Australia, NZ, UK | Long-lease partnership specialist |
| Student Roost | ~0.5–1.5% | UK purpose-built portfolio | Brookfield-backed UK operator |
| CRM Students | ~0.5–1% | Third-party management services | Asset-light management provider |

## Recent News & Developments

## Recent News & Developments

- University Grants Commission (November 2023): Notified regulations allowing foreign universities to set up campuses in India, creating new demand nodes for organized student beds
- UK Home Office (January 2024): Ended dependant visas for most taught postgraduate students, reducing some applications and shifting room-type demand toward single-occupancy units [5]
- Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (January 2024): Capped study permits at roughly 35% below 2023 levels, slowing new leasing in Ontario and British Columbia
- Deakin University and University of Wollongong (July 2024): Began teaching at GIFT City in Gujarat, the first foreign campuses under India's new framework
- Australian Department of Education (August 2024): Announced a National Planning Level of 270,000 new international commencements for 2025
- Institute of International Education (November 2024): Reported a record 1,126,690 international students in the US for 2023/24 [1]
- The Unite Group plc (June 2025): Agreed to acquire Empiric Student Property, consolidating UK supply under the sector's largest listed operator [13]

## Report Scope

| Parameter | Details |
| --- | --- |
| Market Scope | Covers the student accommodation market across room types, institution types, on-campus and off-campus formats, and domestic and international residents |
| Study Period | 2021–2035 |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Historical Data | 2021–2024 |
| Forecast Period | 2026–2035 |
| Market Size in 2025 | USD 11.82 billion |
| Market Size in 2035 | USD 33.24 billion |
| CAGR (2026–2035) | 10.9% |
| Fastest Growing Segments | Others (12.3% CAGR); Shared Room (11.9% CAGR); International (11.8% CAGR) |
| Regions Covered | North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa and ROW |
| Companies Profiled | American Campus Communities, Greystar Real Estate Partners, The Unite Group plc, iQ Student Accommodation, Yugo, Scape, The Scion Group, Campus Living Villages, Student Roost, CRM Students |
| Valuation Currency | USD billion |
| Methodology | 350+ primary expert interviews; bottom-up market sizing; top-down validation; data triangulation; scenario-based forecasting; real-time project tracking |

## Frequently Asked Questions

**Q: How do investors underwrite risk in the student accommodation market?**
A: Underwriting centres on the city's student-to-bed ratio, the anchor university's application trends, and the pre-leasing curve for the next academic year. Assets within walking distance of campus usually command lower yields and steadier occupancy [9].

**Q: What is the difference between direct-let and nomination agreements?**
A: Under a direct-let model, the operator leases beds to individual students and carries occupancy risk. Under a nomination agreement, a university commits to fill a set number of beds for several years, trading rent upside for income certainty [13].

**Q: Which building certifications do buyers in the student accommodation market prioritize?**
A: Institutional buyers look for BREEAM or LEED ratings, a UK EPC grade of B or better, and verified operational energy data. These credentials increasingly determine access to green loans and the depth of the buyer pool at exit [17].

**Q: How do academic calendars affect operator revenue?**
A: Most leases run 44 to 51 weeks, leaving a summer gap across the student accommodation market. Operators fill it with short stays, language-school groups, and conference guests, which can lift annual revenue per bed by several percentage points [20].

**Q: Are booking platforms a threat to operators in the student accommodation market?**
A: Platforms such as Amber, Student.com, and University Living mainly widen international lead generation rather than replace operators. Large brands with strong direct channels keep acquisition costs low, while smaller landlords depend on platforms for overseas reach [10].

**Q: What role do guarantors play in student tenancies?**
A: Many operators require a locally based guarantor, which international students often lack. Third-party guarantor services and rent-insurance products fill that gap, reducing bad debt and widening the eligible tenant pool [11].

**Q: Has hybrid learning reduced demand for student beds?**
A: Hybrid teaching has not meaningfully reduced bed demand in the student accommodation market, because most students still value campus life. Some universities now compress timetables into fewer days, raising interest in flexible, shorter-term contracts [2].


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