# Canned Tuna Market

> Canned Tuna Market Size, Share, Industry Trend & Analysis Research Report Information By Product Type (Light Tuna, White Tuna), By Flavor (Unflavored, Flavored), By Packaging Type (Metal Cans, Pouches, Glass Jars), By Distribution Channel (Off-Trade, On-Trade), By Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa) - Forecast Till 2035

- **Forecast Period:** 2026-2035
- **CAGR:** 5.40%
- **2025:** USD 16.07 Billion (2025)
- **2035:** USD 27.48 Billion (2035)
- **Key Players:** Thai Union Group (Chicken of the Sea, John West), Bolton Group (Rio Mare, Saupiquet), Bumble Bee Foods, Dongwon Industries, Grupo Calvo, Wild Planet Foods, Century Pacific Food (Century Tuna), Princes Group (Princes, Napolina)

**Report ID:** MRFR/FnB/8857-CR · **Pages:** 186 · **Author:** Snehal Singh · **Last Updated:** July 02, 2026

**URL:** https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/canned-tuna-market-10335

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## Market Summary

As per MRFR analysis, the Canned Tuna Market Size was estimated at 22.4 USD Million in 2024. The Canned Tuna industry is projected to grow from 23.85 in 2025 to 39.82 by 2035, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.33% during the forecast period 2025 - 2035.

## Market Drivers

| Driver | ~% Impact on CAGR | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rising demand for shelf-stable protein | +1.20% | Global | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [2] |
| Food-service & HORECA recovery | +0.90% | Europe, North America | Short-term (≤2 yr) |   |
| Sustainable tuna fishing certifications (MSC, pole-and-line caught tuna) | +0.70% | Europe, Asia-Pacific | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [6] |
| Flexible packaging innovation (pouches, stand-up formats) | +0.55% | Global | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [5] |
| E-commerce subscription models | +0.45% | North America, Europe | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [7] |
| Emerging-market capacity expansion (MEA, South America) | +0.80% | MEA, South America | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [8] |
| Flavored & value-added product diversification | +0.40% | Asia-Pacific, North America | Long-term (≥4 yr) |   |

### Rising Demand for Shelf-Stable Protein

Cost-conscious consumers across both developed and emerging economies continue to pivot toward affordable, long-shelf-life protein options. In the United States, USDA Economic Research Service data shows that canned tuna in oil and water remains the second-most purchased shelf-stable protein after canned chicken, with per-household spending rising 8.3% between 2022 and 2024 [2]. Inflationary pressures on fresh seafood — wholesale Atlantic salmon prices climbed 22% over the same window — have widened the price gap, making ready-to-eat canned fish an even more compelling pantry staple for budget-constrained families.

### Food-Service and HORECA Volume Recovery

Hotel, restaurant, and catering procurement of canned tuna rebounded substantially through 2024, with European food-service distributors reporting 14% year-over-year volume gains. [Quick-service restaurant](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/quick-service-restaurants-qsr-market-10541) chains in Italy and Spain launched approximately 20 SKUs of tuna-based menu items during 2023–2024, taking advantage of portion-control benefits and canned tuna’s stable pricing compared to fresh alternatives. In the near term, this recovery creates a structural tailwind for the Canned Tuna Market.

### Sustainable Fishing Certifications and Traceability

The Marine Stewardship Council certified over 28% of global tuna catch by volume as of 2024, up from 19% in 2020 [6]. Retailers in the EU and UK increasingly mandate MSC or equivalent sustainability labels as a condition for shelf placement, pushing processors toward pole-and-line caught tuna and FAD-free purse-seine methods. This certification premium — estimated at 12–15% above conventional product — supports margin expansion even as raw skipjack prices fluctuate.

### E-Commerce and Subscription Bundling

[Online grocery](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/online-grocery-market-9626) platforms have transformed repeat-purchase dynamics for shelf-stable categories. Amazon Fresh and regional equivalents report that canned tuna subscription orders grew 34% in 2024 across North America and Western Europe [7]. Subscription bundles, often combining skipjack and albacore tuna varieties with complementary pantry items, boost average order values by approximately USD 8–12 per cycle, enhancing lifetime customer value for brand owners in the Canned Tuna Market.

## Restraints

| Restraint | ~% Impact on CAGR | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Skipjack price volatility and supply uncertainty | –0.60% | Global | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [10] |
| Mercury-content consumer perception | –0.45% | North America, Europe | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [11] |
| Competition from alternative canned proteins | –0.35% | North America | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [12] |
| Regulatory fragmentation on labeling standards | –0.30% | Asia-Pacific, South America | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [13] |
| IUU fishing enforcement and catch quota reductions | –0.25% | Western & Central Pacific | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [14] |

### Skipjack Price Volatility

Catch deficits in the Western and Central Pacific due to El Niño resulted in Bangkok reference-price movements of up to 40% for skipjack tuna, the backbone species for light canned tuna, between Q1 2023 and Q4 2024 [10]. Margins for non-contract processors were squeezed by 300-500 basis points during high price periods, with numerous mid-tier Southeast Asian canners idling production lines. Such volatility creates uncertainty for planning across the Canned Tuna Market supply.

### Mercury-Content Consumer Perception

Despite FDA guidance classifying skipjack as a "Best Choice" low-mercury option, persistent consumer anxiety — particularly among pregnant women and parents — continues to dampen frequency of purchase in some demographics [11]. A 2024 survey by the European Food Safety Authority found that 31% of EU consumers actively limited canned tuna intake due to mercury concerns, even though actual methylmercury levels in commercial skipjack and albacore tuna products consistently fall well below regulatory thresholds.

### Competition from Alternative Canned Proteins

Plant-based canned "tuna" alternatives from brands such as Good Catch and Loma Linda captured an estimated 2.8% of the North American shelf-stable seafood category by value in 2024 [12]. While still a niche segment, these products attract environmentally motivated younger consumers and may gradually erode share at the margin, particularly in premium urban retail channels where sustainable tuna fishing claims compete with zero-bycatch plant-based narratives.

## Opportunities

### Flavored and Value-Added Product Innovation

Flavored canned tuna – infused with chile, lemon-herb, or smoked preparations – rose at roughly double the rate of unflavored goods in 2024 across European retail. Processors investing in culinary R&D to generate restaurant-inspired flavor profiles can command 25–30% price premiums above basic canned tuna in oil and water, targeting millennial and Gen-Z consumers who value convenience and taste variety

### Middle East & Africa Localization

The Canned Tuna Market in the MEA region is transitioning from import dependence to domestic production. Oman's new 100-million-can-per-year facility, operational since late 2024, exemplifies this trend [8]. Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 fisheries development program allocates approximately USD 1.3 billion to [aquaculture](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/aquaculture-market-8081) and seafood processing infrastructure, creating opportunities for joint ventures with established canning multinationals

### Private-Label Expansion in Discount Retail

Discount grocery chains — Aldi, Lidl, BIM, and D1 — are expanding canned tuna private-label portfolios at twice the rate of branded competitors in Europe and South America. Private-label canned tuna now represents over 38% of European volume, and co-manufacturing contracts offer mid-tier processors stable utilization rates exceeding 85%

### Blockchain-Enabled Traceability Platforms

Blockchain traceability is gaining traction as consumers seek more catch-to-can transparency. Platforms such as OpenSC and Connecting Food [15] enable end-consumers to verify the provenance of pole-and-line caught tuna through QR codes on packaging. Processors that are involved in developing traceability infrastructure are positioning themselves to get preferential shelf space and premium pricing in sustainability-minded markets in Europe and North America.

### Subscription-Based Direct-to-Consumer Models

DTC subscription brands such as Wild Planet and Safe Catch have demonstrated that ready-to-eat canned fish can sustain recurring-revenue models with churn rates below 15% per quarter [7]. The opportunity extends to emerging markets where mobile-commerce penetration is rising rapidly, enabling smaller processors to bypass traditional distribution bottlenecks

## Future Outlook

### AI-Driven Quality Control and Processing Optimization

Machine-vision systems that can detect discolouration, bone fragments, and fill-level abnormalities at line speeds of more than 400 cans per minute are heading for commercial deployment. By 2028, it is anticipated that 35% of large-scale tuna canning plants will implement AI-powered inspection, resulting in a reduction in rejection rates of up to 60% and a reduction in quality-related recall costs throughout the Canned Tuna Market.

### Circular Packaging and Extended Producer Responsibility

EU Extended Producer Responsibility regulations taking full effect by 2027 will require canned tuna producers selling into European markets to fund end-of-life collection for metal and flexible packaging. This regulatory pressure is accelerating investment in mono-material pouches and infinitely recyclable aluminum, with industry-wide packaging R&D budgets expected to increase by 20% over 2025 levels [17].

### Climate-Resilient Supply Chains

El Niño and La Niña oscillations are shifting skipjack migration patterns, with the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission projecting a 5–10% eastward migration of peak catch zones by 2030 [14]. Processors investing in multi-ocean sourcing strategies and long-term contracts with certified fisheries will be better insulated from the catch volatility that periodically disrupts canned tuna in oil and water supply chains.

### Premiumization and Protein Positioning

The global high-protein diet trend — valued at over USD 28 billion across packaged food categories in 2025 — is repositioning canned tuna from a recession staple to an active-lifestyle product [18]. Brands launching high-protein, low-sodium, and omega-3-enriched canned tuna SKUs are commanding 20–35% price premiums in North American and European specialty retail, a trend that will expand the addressable Canned Tuna Market across fitness and health-conscious consumer segments through 2035.

## Segment Insights

### By Product Type

| Segment | Key Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Light Tuna | 63.10% share (2025) | Low mercury; FDA "Best Choice"; price accessibility |
| White Tuna | CAGR 6.00% (2026–2035) | MSC premiumization; albacore tuna demand in specialty retail |

Light tuna — predominantly skipjack — anchors the Canned Tuna Market by volume, driven by its competitive pricing and regulatory endorsement as a low-mercury protein source. Skipjack and albacore tuna together account for over 90% of commercial canned tuna raw material, with skipjack dominating commodity-tier retail and albacore commanding a premium in gourmet and health-focused segments. White tuna is the fastest-growing segment as consumers trade up toward MSC-certified albacore products with pole-and-line caught tuna provenance claims, particularly in Western European and North American specialty channels.

### By Flavor

| Segment | Key Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Unflavored | 90.20% share (2025) | Versatility; traditional consumer preference |
| Flavored | CAGR 6.50% (2026–2035) | Convenience; millennial/Gen-Z taste innovation |

Unflavored canned tuna retains overwhelming dominance in the Canned Tuna Market because of its cooking versatility and lower per-unit cost. Flavored varieties — including chili-lime, smoked, Mediterranean herb, and teriyaki-infused products — are expanding rapidly as processors target younger consumers seeking ready-to-eat canned fish that requires no preparation beyond opening the container. European retailers report that flavored SKU counts grew by 40% between 2022 and 2024.

### By Packaging Type

| Segment | Key Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Metal Cans | USD 14.20 Billion (2025) | Consumer trust; shelf life; recyclability |
| Pouches | CAGR 6.20% (2026–2035) | Lightweight; lower material cost; single-serve convenience |
| Glass Jars | 3.10% share (2025) | Premium positioning; visual product appeal |

Metal cans remain the Canned Tuna Market's packaging backbone, trusted by consumers for their durability and up-to-five-year shelf life. Pouches are gaining share rapidly as sustainable tuna fishing brands leverage the format's lower carbon footprint and appeal to on-the-go consumers. Glass jars occupy a niche premium position, particularly in Southern European markets where visual presentation of albacore tuna loins drives impulse purchases.

### By Distribution Channel

| Segment | Key Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Off-Trade | 64.30% share (2025) | Supermarket & discount-retail dominance |
| On-Trade | CAGR 6.70% (2026–2035) | HORECA recovery; food-service menu expansion |

Off-trade channels — supermarkets, hypermarkets, discount grocers, and e-commerce — form the primary revenue base of the Canned Tuna Market. Private-label products from chains such as Aldi and Carrefour continue to grow their share within this channel. On-trade distribution (hotels, restaurants, catering) is recovering strongly from pandemic-era lows, with food-service buyers rebuilding skipjack and albacore tuna inventories to support expanded sandwich, salad, and pizza menus.

## Regional Market Share Analysis

| Region | Key Metric | Primary Investment Themes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| North America | 18.90% share (2025) | Private-label growth; e-commerce penetration |
| Europe | 37.80% share (2025) | Sustainable tuna fishing mandates; premiumization |
| Asia-Pacific | 24.50% share (2025) | Domestic processing expansion; skipjack supply |
| South America | 7.20% share (2025) | Ecuador processing hub; intra-regional trade |
| Middle East & Africa | 11.60% share (2025) | Local capacity build-out; import substitution |
| Total | 100.00% |   |

The Canned Tuna Market exhibits significant geographic diversity, shaped by per-capita seafood consumption patterns, local production capacity, trade agreements, and cultural dietary preferences.

### Source Market Research Future (MRFR)Analysis

### North America

| Country | Key Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| US | 72.40% of regional share | Retail private-label expansion; FDA "Best Choice" promotion |
| Canada | CAGR 5.10% (2026–2035) | Health-conscious consumption growth |
| Mexico | USD 0.48 Billion (2025) | Price-sensitive protein demand; growing modern trade |

The United States dominates North American canned tuna consumption, though per-capita volumes have plateaued as younger demographics rotate toward canned salmon and plant-based alternatives. Canada's Canned Tuna Market is buoyed by immigration-driven population growth and rising interest in sustainable seafood, with MSC-labeled products capturing nearly 35% of shelf facings at major grocers. Mexico's expanding modern-trade footprint — Walmart de México and OXXO combined added over 600 net new stores in 2024 — continues to widen distribution reach for ready-to-eat canned fish products [2].

### Europe

| Country | Key Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Germany | CAGR 4.80% (2026–2035) | Discount retail private-label growth |
| UK | USD 1.12 Billion (2025) | Post-Brexit tariff realignment; own-brand expansion |
| France | 14.30% of regional share | Culinary tradition; flavored product innovation |
| Italy | 18.60% of regional share | Highest per-capita canned tuna consumption in Europe |
| Spain | USD 1.85 Billion (2025) | Entrenched dietary habits; HORECA recovery |
| Nordic Countries | CAGR 5.20% (2026–2035) | Sustainability-driven premiumization |
| Russia | USD 0.38 Billion (2025) | Import substitution; domestic brand emergence |
| Rest of Europe | CAGR 4.70% (2026–2035) | Eastern European modern-trade expansion |

Europe's dominance in the Canned Tuna Market reflects deeply rooted Mediterranean dietary patterns — Italians consume over 4 kg of canned tuna per capita annually, and Spanish households treat it as a weekly meal staple. EU regulations mandating sustainable tuna fishing disclosures on packaging have accelerated MSC adoption among leading processors. The region's food-service sector, recovering strongly post-pandemic, is absorbing higher volumes of canned tuna in oil and water for use in prepared salads, sandwiches, and pizza toppings.

### Asia-Pacific

| Country | Key Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| China | CAGR 6.30% (2026–2035) | Rising urban protein demand; e-commerce growth |
| India | CAGR 6.50% (2026–2035) | Coastal-state consumption; modern retail expansion |
| Japan | USD 1.45 Billion (2025) | Premium sashimi-grade canned products |
| South Korea | 8.70% of regional share | Convenience-store single-serve formats |
| ASEAN | CAGR 5.80% (2026–2035) | Processing hub status (Thailand, Philippines) |
| Rest of Asia-Pacific | USD 0.42 Billion (2025) | Emerging consumption patterns |

Asia-Pacific serves a dual role in the Canned Tuna Market — as both the world's largest processing base and a major consumption region. Thailand alone processes roughly 30% of global canned tuna output, while Japan's market skews toward premium albacore tuna and yellowfin products priced 40–60% above commodity skipjack lines. India's coastal states — Kerala, Goa, and Karnataka — represent underpenetrated growth pockets where branded ready-to-eat canned fish is displacing loose-sold dried fish in urban retail [5].

### South America

| Country | Key Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Brazil | 48.20% of regional share | Largest consumer base; Bolsa Família protein demand |
| Argentina | CAGR 4.60% (2026–2035) | Economic recovery; retail modernization |
| Rest of South America | USD 0.31 Billion (2025) | Ecuador as a processing & export hub |

Ecuador's tuna processing industry — the largest in the Americas — exported over USD 1.8 billion worth of canned and pouched tuna in 2024, supplying both intra-regional markets and European importers under preferential trade agreements [8]. Brazil's Canned Tuna Market benefits from government nutritional assistance programs that include canned protein in food baskets distributed to over 21 million low-income households.

### Middle East & Africa

| Country | Key Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Saudi Arabia | 22.40% of regional share | Vision 2030 fisheries investment; rising consumption |
| UAE | CAGR 6.40% (2026–2035) | Premium imported brands; expat-driven demand |
| South Africa | USD 0.28 Billion (2025) | Affordable protein positioning; Lucky Star brand dominance |
| Egypt | CAGR 6.80% (2026–2035) | Population growth; price-sensitive protein substitution |
| Rest of MEA | 31.50% of regional share | Oman capacity expansion; East African import growth |

The Middle East & Africa region represents the most dynamic frontier for the Canned Tuna Market. Oman's investment in a 100-million-can production facility signals a broader regional shift from pure import reliance toward local value capture. Saudi Arabia's National Fisheries Development Program targets a threefold increase in domestic seafood processing capacity by 2030, creating partnership opportunities for global pole-and-line caught tuna suppliers and canning technology vendors [8].

## Competitive Benchmarking

The Canned Tuna Market exhibits medium concentration, with the top five players collectively holding an estimated 40–48% of global revenue. The competitive structure combines vertically integrated multinationals that control fishing fleets and canneries with specialized regional brands that compete on provenance, sustainability credentials, and flavor innovation.

| Company | Est. Revenue Share Range | Key Offerings | Strategic Positioning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Thai Union Group (Chicken of the Sea, John West) | ~10–14% | Skipjack & albacore canned tuna; pouches; flavored lines | Vertically integrated global leader; SeaChange sustainability program |
| Bolton Group (Rio Mare, Saupiquet) | ~7–10% | Premium canned tuna in olive oil; Mediterranean flavored range | European market leader; Italian heritage branding |
| Bumble Bee Foods | ~5–8% | Canned tuna in oil and water; snack kits | North American retail stalwart; value positioning |
| Dongwon Industries | ~4–7% | Canned tuna; retort pouches; foodservice packs | South Korean market leader; ASEAN processing integration |
| Grupo Calvo | ~3–5% | Canned tuna; ready-to-eat salads; glass-jar premium line | Spanish brand strength; South American expansion |
| Wild Planet Foods | ~2–4% | Pole-and-line caught tuna; sustainably sourced albacore | Sustainability-first positioning; DTC subscription model |
| Century Pacific Food (Century Tuna) | ~3–5% | Canned tuna; flavored variants; value-tier products | Philippine market leader; ASEAN export growth |
| Princes Group (Princes, Napolina) | ~2–4% | Own-label & branded canned tuna; ready meals | UK private-label leader; Mitsubishi Corp. backing |
| StarKist (Dongwon subsidiary) | ~5–8% | Canned tuna; tuna creations pouches; single-serve | US market co-leader; innovation in pouch formats |
| Jealsa Rianxeira | ~2–3% | Private-label canned tuna; MSC-certified lines | Europe's largest private-label tuna co-manufacturer |

## Report Scope

| Parameter | Detail |
| --- | --- |
| Market Scope | Global Canned Tuna Market — production, trade, and consumption of canned and pouched tuna products |
| Study Period | 2021–2035 |
| CAGR | 5.40% (2026–2035) |
| Base Year Market Size | USD 16.07 Billion (2025) |
| Forecast Endpoint | USD 27.48 Billion (2035) |
| Fastest Growing Segment | White Tuna (by product type); On-Trade (by distribution) |
| Fastest Growing Region | Middle East & Africa |
| Companies Profiled | Thai Union Group, Bolton Group, Bumble Bee Foods, Dongwon Industries, Grupo Calvo, Wild Planet Foods, Century Pacific Food, Princes Group, StarKist, Jealsa Rianxeira |
| Valuation Currency | USD Billion |

## Frequently Asked Questions

**Q: What minimum order volumes do major canners require for private-label contracts?**
A: Most Tier-1 co-manufacturers — Jealsa, Thai Union, and Century Pacific — set minimum orders at 1–2 full container loads (roughly 20–40 metric tons). Smaller processors may accept half-container lots at a 5–8% price premium [19].

**Q: How does pole-and-line caught tuna pricing compare with purse-seine product?**
A: Pole-and-line skipjack typically trades at a 15–25% premium over purse-seine skipjack at the processor gate. The differential narrows for albacore tuna, where catch-method price gaps average 10–15% [6].

**Q: Which certifications carry the most retail shelf-placement weight in Europe?**
A: MSC and Friend of the Sea are the two certifications most frequently mandated by EU retailers. Chains like Carrefour and Tesco require at least one of these labels for branded canned tuna listings [6].

**Q: How are tariff structures affecting cross-regional canned tuna trade flows?**
A: EU GSP+ preferences give Ecuador and the Philippines duty-free access, while Thai exports face a 24% tariff. This disparity has shifted European import sourcing toward South American and ASEAN GSP+ beneficiaries [14].

**Q: What shelf-life advantages do retort pouches offer over traditional metal cans for the Canned Tuna Market?**
A: Retort pouches deliver 24–36 months of shelf life versus 48–60 months for metal cans. Pouches compensate with 40% weight reduction and faster thermal processing, cutting energy costs per unit by roughly 12% [5].

**Q: How is the Canned Tuna Market affected by RFMO catch-quota decisions?**
A: Regional Fisheries Management Organization quotas directly cap raw material availability. The WCPFC's 2024 skipjack purse seine effort limit capped tropical catch at approximately 1.6 million metric tons, constraining volume expansion for processors reliant on Western Pacific sourcing [14].

**Q: What role does the Canned Tuna Market play within broader emergency food-reserve programs?**
A: Governments in Japan, South Korea, and several Gulf states include canned tuna in strategic food reserves due to its long shelf life. Japan's Ministry of Agriculture maintains roughly 15,000 metric tons of canned seafood in rolling stockpile reserves [21].


## Sources

[2] Source: USDA Economic Research Service, "U.S. Per-Capita Seafood Consumption and Expenditure Trends," 2024 (ers.usda.gov)
[5] Source: FAO, "The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) 2024," Rome, 2024 (fao.org)
[6] Source: Marine Stewardship Council, "Global Impacts Report 2024," MSC, 2024 (msc.org)
[7] Source: Edge by Ascential, "Online Grocery — Shelf-Stable Protein Subscription Trends," 2024 (ascential.com)
[8] Source: Oman Fisheries Company, "Duqm Canning Facility — Commissioning Press Release," September 2024 (omanfisheries.com)
[10] Source: INFOFISH, "Tuna Market Report: Bangkok Price Trends 2023–2024," 2024 (infofish.org)
[11] Source: European Food Safety Authority, "Consumer Perceptions of Methylmercury in Seafood," EFSA, 2024 (efsa.europa.eu)
[12] Source: Good Food Institute, "Plant-Based Seafood State of the Industry Report," 2024 (gfi.org)
[14] Source: Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, "Conservation and Management Measures 2024," WCPFC, 2024 (wcpfc.int)
[15] Source: OpenSC / Bumble Bee Foods, "Blockchain Traceability in Tuna Supply Chains — Case Study," 2024 (opensc.org)
[17] Source: European Commission, "Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR) — Implementation Guidance," 2024 (ec.europa.eu)
[18] Source: Innova Market Insights, "High-Protein Positioning in Shelf-Stable Foods — Global Trends," 2025 (innovamarketinsights.com)

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