# India Oilfield Services Market

> India Oilfield Services Market Research Report By Service Type (Well Completion Equipment & Services, Well Intervention Services, Coiled Tubing Services, Pressure Pumping Services, OCTG, Wireline Services) and By Application (Offshore, Onshore)-Forecast to 2035

- **Forecast Period:** 2025 - 2035
- **CAGR:** 6.49%
- **2024:** $ 12.91 Billion
- **2025:** $ 13.75 Billion
- **2035:** $ 25.78 Billion
- **Key Players:** Schlumberger (US), Halliburton (US), Baker Hughes (US), Weatherford International (US), National Oilwell Varco (US), TechnipFMC (GB), Saipem (IT), KBR (US), Aker Solutions (NO)

**Report ID:** MRFR/EnP/52968-HCR · **Pages:** 200 · **Author:** Chitranshi Jaiswal · **Last Updated:** July 23, 2026

**URL:** https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/india-oilfield-services-market-54731

---

## Market Summary

## **India Oilfield Services Market Overview**

As per MRFR analysis, the India Oilfield Services Market Size was estimated at 12.14 (USD Billion) in 2023. The India Oilfield Services Market Industry is expected to grow from 12.91(USD Billion) in 2024 to 31 (USD Billion) by 2035. The India Oilfield Services Market CAGR (growth rate) is expected to be around 8.287% during the forecast period (2025 - 2035).

### **Key India Oilfield Services Market Trends Highlighted**

The India Oilfield Services Market is currently experiencing significant growth driven by various key market drivers. One of the primary factors contributing to this trend is the government's push for energy security and self-sufficiency, coinciding with the efforts to increase domestic oil and gas production. Initiatives like the Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) and the National Oil and Gas Exploration Policy are encouraging both domestic and international investments in exploration and production activities.

Moreover, the rising energy demand from urbanization and industrialization is propelling the need for more efficient oilfield services.The increasing adoption of advanced technologies, including digitalization, automation, and analytics, in oilfield operations is creating opportunities for exploration. These technologies are improving operational efficiency and reducing costs. Service providers that can provide innovative solutions will likely find a favorable market as India endeavors to optimize its hydrocarbon production.

Additionally, the emphasis on renewable energy and alternative sources is fostering a distinctive convergence. This allows oilfield service companies to expand their product offerings to incorporate sustainable technologies and practices. In recent years, there has been a trend toward the implementation of sustainable and responsible operations. Companies are progressively emphasizing the importance of reducing their carbon footprint and improving environmental safety measures in their operations.

The adoption of healthier technologies in oilfield services is being driven by the necessity for improved well management and the implementation of more stringent emissions regulations. These trends underscore the changing landscape of the oilfield services market, which is essential for industry participants to adapt and innovate continuously, as India endeavors to meet its energy targets and address climate change concerns.

Source: Primary Research, Secondary Research, _Market Research Future_ Database and Analyst Review

## **India Oilfield Services Market Drivers**

**Increase in Exploration and Production Activities**

India has been ramping up efforts to enhance its oil exploration and production capabilities, driven by the growing energy demand and the need for energy security. The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas reports that the total domestic production of crude oil increased by 1.28% in the fiscal year 2021-2022, highlighting a focus on domestic oil exploration.

Major oil companies like Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) and Reliance Industries Limited are aggressively investing in Research and Development (R&D) to unearth new oil reserves, leading to the growth of the India [Oilfield Services Market](../../../reports/oilfield-services-market-6835) Industry.This commitment to exploration means a simultaneous increase in demand for oilfield services, including drilling, well maintenance, and seabed surveying, thereby informing future trends in the market.

**Government Initiatives and Policy Support**

The Indian government has enacted several initiatives aimed at enhancing the oil and gas sector, which contributes positively to the India Oilfield Services Market Industry. The Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) encourages international investment in oil exploration and production, facilitating foreign companies such as TotalEnergies and BP to play a significant role in the sector.

With the policy aiming to reduce the timeline for exploration approvals by 15%, more projects are expected to come online quickly.This increased ease of doing business is propelling growth and creating lucrative opportunities in the oilfield services market, as demand for upstream services rises.

**Technological Advancements in Oilfield Services**

Technological innovation is transforming the India Oilfield Services Market Industry, as new techniques and equipment are being developed for more efficient extraction and production. The adoption of digital technologies, such as Internet of Things (IoT) and advanced data analytics by companies like Schlumberger and Halliburton, optimizes oilfield operations and enhances productivity.

For example, the implementation of IoT applications in oilfields in India can reduce costs by approximately 20% while also improving safety measures.This progression not only elevates production rates but also ensures sustainability in operations, catering to the demands of both the environment and the growing urban population in India.

## **India Oilfield Services Market Segment Insights**

**Oilfield Services Market Service Type Insights**

The India Oilfield Services Market is experiencing considerable growth, driven by the diverse requirements of different service types that support oil and gas exploration and production activities. Among these, Well Completion Equipment and Services hold an essential role, enabling the efficient and finalization processes necessary for extracting resources from reservoirs.

Well Intervention Services are equally crucial as they aid in the maintenance and recovery of well productivity, addressing declines through various techniques and methodologies.Coiled Tubing Services serve a vital function by providing continuous tubing solutions, which are less invasive and more cost-effective for various operations such as drilling and maintenance.

Pressure Pumping Services, essential for hydraulic fracturing, are gaining prominence as more operators focus on unconventional resource extraction in India’s emerging shale gas sector. The OCTG (Oil Country Tubular Goods) segment is significant as it provides the necessary pipes and tubes used in the drilling process, ensuring that operations can be conducted safely and efficiently.Lastly, Wireline Services are fundamental for well diagnostics, providing crucial data for decision-making processes related to well management and performance optimization.

The growth drivers in these service types stem from increased investment in exploration and production activities, coupled with the adoption of advanced technologies that enhance operational efficiency. However, challenges such as fluctuating oil prices and regulatory changes may impact market dynamics. Nonetheless, opportunities abound in the modernization of existing infrastructure and rising demand for energy within India, contributing to a robust landscape for oilfield services as the industry evolves to meet future needs.

The segmentation of the India Oilfield Services Market, particularly in the realm of Service Type, reveals a nuanced understanding of the various operations that underpin the sector, highlighting the need for tailored solutions that align with the country’s growing energy demands and resource management strategies.

Source: Primary Research, Secondary Research, _Market Research Future_ Database and Analyst Review

**Oilfield Services Market Application Insights**

The India Oilfield Services Market, particularly in the Application segment, is poised for significant growth, driven by the increasing energy demands and the country's focus on enhancing its oil production capacity. The segment encompasses both Offshore and Onshore services, reflecting the diverse landscape of oil exploration and production in India.

Offshore oilfield services play a critical role due to the country's extensive coastline, unlocking vast resource potential in deepwater reserves. These services are essential for drilling, production, and maintenance, contributing substantially to India's overall energy self-sufficiency.Onshore services, on the other hand, dominate the market as the majority of oil extraction activities occur on land. With ongoing technological advancements and cost-effective drilling techniques, this segment continues to evolve and cater to the growing need for efficient resource management.

The India Oilfield Services Market segmentation shows a clear inclination towards these applications, as investments in infrastructure and government initiatives to boost domestic oil production further fuel this growth. The synergy between these two applications reinforces the overall health of the market, providing opportunities amidst challenges posed by fluctuating global oil prices and regulatory barriers.

## **India Oilfield Services Market Key Players and Competitive Insights**

The India Oilfield Services Market has witnessed significant growth and transformation over the years, driven by the increasing demand for energy and the government's push for exploration and production activities within the country. This competitive landscape is characterized by the presence of both established players and emerging companies that offer a range of services, from drilling to field maintenance and engineering services.

The market dynamics are influenced by several factors, including technological advancements, regulatory changes, and the rising need for environmentally sustainable practices. The players in this market strive to enhance operational efficiency while addressing cost pressures, creating a highly competitive environment that shapes the industry's future.

Oil India Limited stands as a prominent player in the Indian Oilfield Services Market, playing a crucial role in the exploration and production of oil and natural gas. With a competitive edge derived from its extensive experience and technological capabilities, Oil India Limited has established a strong market presence in various regions across India.

Its strengths lie in its diversified service offerings, which encompass exploration, production, and related services, contributing to its comprehensive approach in fulfilling the evolving needs of the energy sector. The company's robust infrastructure, skilled workforce, and advanced exploration techniques enable it to effectively tackle the challenges within the market and capitalize on emerging opportunities.Adani Group has also made significant strides in the India Oilfield Services Market, focusing on expanding its portfolio through strategic mergers and acquisitions.

The group's ventures in energy, particularly in oil and gas exploration, position it as a key player in the industry. Adani Group's strengths include its substantial financial resources, enabling investments in advanced technologies and infrastructure for oilfield services.

The company's commitment to sustainability and innovation has led to the development of key services designed to enhance operational efficiency in the sector. Through its aggressive expansion strategies, Adani Group is broadening its presence in the Indian market, exploring collaboration partnerships that enable diversification and increased competitiveness in the oilfield services domain.

### **Key Companies in the India Oilfield Services Market Include**

- [Oil India Limited](https://www.oil-india.com/integrated-energy-company/upstream)
- [Adani Group](https://www.adani.com/en/businesses/edible-oil-and-food-products)
- ONGC Videsh
- Asteria Aerospace
- Schlumberger
- Sundaram Finance
- Halliburton
- Jindal Drilling & Industries
- Reliance Industries
- TechnipFMC
- Deep Industries
- Baker Hughes
- Indian Oil Corporation
- GAIL
- Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation

### **India Oilfield Services Market Industry Developments**

The India Oilfield Services Market has witnessed significant developments recently. In October 2023, Oil India Limited has expanded its exploration activities to enhance production capabilities. The Adani Group is focusing on renewable energy initiatives but continues to strengthen its oil and gas sector operations. Meanwhile, ONGC Videsh has announced plans to invest in international oil fields, aiming to boost its global footprint. Asteria Aerospace has made strides in drone technology applications for oilfield monitoring.

A notable merger occurred in July 2023, with Halliburton acquiring a majority stake in Jindal Drilling and Industries, enhancing operational synergies in drilling technologies. Reliance Industries has been increasing its investments in upstream oil and gas exploration, thereby elevating its market valuation. Notably, TechnipFMC and Baker Hughes have been collaborating on offshore project developments, marking a growing trend in partnerships within the sector.

In infrastructure, GAIL is improving gas pipeline networks, which significantly boosts demand for oilfield services. The Indian Oil Corporation has also reported positive quarterly growth in oil refining, indicating robust market activity. Over the past few years, various initiatives have been launched by the government to attract investments in this sector amid rising global energy demands.

## **India Oilfield Services Market Segmentation Insights**

**Oilfield Services Market Service Type Outlook**

- Well Completion Equipment & Services
- Well Intervention Services
- Coiled Tubing Services
- Pressure Pumping Services
- OCTG
- Wireline Services

**Oilfield Services Market Application Outlook**

- Offshore
- Onshore

## Market Drivers

### Rising Energy Demand

The increasing energy demand in India is a primary driver for the oilfield services market. As the population grows and industrial activities expand, the need for energy sources intensifies. The Indian government aims to achieve a target of 450 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030, which may lead to a parallel increase in oil and gas exploration activities. This surge in demand for energy resources necessitates enhanced oilfield services, including drilling, completion, and production optimization. This trend is likely to benefit the oilfield services market, as companies seek to maximize output to meet the growing energy needs of the nation. Furthermore, the International Energy Agency projects that India's oil consumption could reach 5.4 million barrels per day by 2025, further emphasizing the importance of robust oilfield services to support this demand.

### Government Policy Reforms

Government policy reforms play a pivotal role in shaping the oilfield services market in India. The introduction of policies aimed at liberalizing the oil and gas sector has attracted foreign investments and encouraged domestic players to expand their operations. Initiatives such as the Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) have simplified the process for acquiring exploration licenses, thereby promoting exploration activities. Additionally, the government's focus on enhancing ease of doing business has led to a more favorable regulatory environment for oilfield services. As a result, the oilfield services market is likely to witness increased participation from both domestic and international companies, fostering competition and innovation. The ongoing reforms are expected to create a more dynamic market landscape, ultimately benefiting the overall growth of the oilfield services sector in India.

### Technological Integration

The integration of advanced technologies in the oilfield services market is transforming operations in India. Companies are increasingly adopting digital solutions, such as data analytics, artificial intelligence, and automation, to enhance efficiency and reduce operational costs. The use of these technologies can lead to improved decision-making processes, predictive maintenance, and optimized resource allocation. For instance, the implementation of IoT devices in oilfields allows for real-time monitoring of equipment and production levels, which can significantly enhance productivity. According to industry estimates, the adoption of digital technologies could potentially reduce operational costs by up to 20% in the oilfield services market. This technological shift not only improves the competitiveness of service providers but also aligns with the broader trend of modernization in the energy sector, thereby driving growth in the oilfield services market.

### Investment in Infrastructure

Investment in infrastructure development is a crucial driver for the oilfield services market in India. The government has initiated various projects aimed at enhancing the country's oil and gas infrastructure, including pipelines, refineries, and storage facilities. The National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) outlines an investment of approximately $1.4 trillion in infrastructure projects by 2025, which includes significant allocations for the energy sector. This investment is expected to create a favorable environment for oilfield services, as improved infrastructure facilitates exploration and production activities. Additionally, the expansion of transportation networks for crude oil and natural gas will likely enhance the efficiency of oilfield operations. As a result, the oilfield services market is poised to experience growth driven by these infrastructure developments, which are essential for meeting the increasing energy demands of the country.

### Focus on Environmental Compliance

The emphasis on environmental compliance is increasingly influencing the oilfield services market in India. As global awareness of climate change and environmental sustainability rises, regulatory bodies are imposing stricter environmental standards on oil and gas operations. Companies are now required to adopt best practices in waste management, emissions control, and resource conservation. This shift towards sustainability is prompting service providers to innovate and develop eco-friendly technologies and practices. For instance, the adoption of waterless fracking techniques and the use of biodegradable drilling fluids are becoming more prevalent. The oilfield services market is likely to benefit from this trend, as companies that prioritize environmental compliance may gain a competitive edge. Furthermore, the Indian government has set ambitious targets for reducing carbon emissions, which could further drive the demand for environmentally responsible oilfield services.

## Future Outlook

The [Oilfield Services Market](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/oilfield-services-market-6835) in India is projected to grow at a 6.49% CAGR from 2025 to 2035, driven by technological advancements, increased exploration activities, and rising energy demands.

**New opportunities:**

- Investment in advanced drilling technologies to enhance efficiency and reduce costs.
- Development of integrated service packages for upstream oil and gas operations.
- Expansion of digital solutions for real-time data analytics and decision-making.

By 2035, the market is expected to achieve robust growth, positioning itself as a key player in the energy sector.

## Segment Insights

### By Type: Pressure Pumping Services (Largest) vs. Coiled Tubing Services (Fastest-Growing)

In the India oilfield services market, the distribution of market share among various service types reveals a dynamic landscape. Pressure Pumping Services hold the largest share, driven by significant demand for hydraulic fracturing in oil and gas extraction. Following closely are Coiled Tubing Services, offering vital interventions in existing wells, which contribute to their growing presence in the market. Other notable segments include Wireline Services and OCTG, serving specialized roles yet not achieving the scale of the largest contributors.

Growth trends within these segments indicate a shift towards advanced technologies that enhance efficiency and reduce operational costs. The push for more sustainable practices in oil extraction further fuels the expansion of Well Completion Equipment and Coiled Tubing Services. As global energy demands escalate, the India oilfield services market is poised to adapt rapidly, with the fastest-growing segments showcasing innovative service delivery models and technology integration.

Pressure Pumping Services (Dominant) vs. Well Intervention Services (Emerging)

Pressure Pumping Services, dominating the market, are essential for enhanced oil recovery techniques, facilitating complex well stimulation processes. This segment benefits from advancements in pumping technologies and increased shale oil exploration activities in India, solidifying its leadership. In contrast, Well Intervention Services, while emerging, play a critical role in maintaining and optimizing the productivity of existing wells. Innovations such as remote monitoring and automated solutions are reshaping this segment, attracting investments. Together, these segments reflect the evolving priorities within the India oilfield services market, focusing on maximizing resource extraction while addressing operational efficiencies.

### By Application: Onshore (Largest) vs. Offshore (Fastest-Growing)

The India oilfield services market exhibits a diverse application landscape, with the onshore segment holding a substantial share due to its established infrastructure and efficient resource extraction practices. This segment has long been the backbone of oil production, leveraging advancements in technology and operational efficiencies to maintain its dominance amidst a growing competitive landscape. In contrast, the offshore segment, while currently smaller, is witnessing rapid growth fueled by increasing investments in deepwater exploration and production projects, positioning itself as the fastest-growing application in the market.

Factors contributing to the growth of the offshore segment include technological innovations such as subsea systems and floating production units, which enhance feasibility and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, the rising demand for energy, coupled with government initiatives aimed at enhancing offshore oil and gas capabilities, are encouraging companies to expand their portfolios in this area. The shift towards cleaner energy sources is also prompting operators to explore offshore reserves, potentially leading to a transformative impact on the market dynamics in the coming years.

Onshore (Dominant) vs. Offshore (Emerging)

The onshore segment in the India oilfield services market is characterized by its established infrastructure and extensive experience in oil extraction, making it a dominant force. Companies operating in this domain focus on optimizing operations through the latest technologies and methodologies, ensuring cost efficiency and productivity. The availability of land-based resources and the implementation of advanced drilling techniques contribute to its strong performance. In contrast, the offshore segment, although emerging, is rapidly gaining traction due to significant investments and technological advancements. This segment is marked by its exploration of untapped reserves in deeper waters, presenting unique challenges but also promising opportunities. With increasing global energy demands, the offshore sector is likely to evolve, positioning itself as a critical player within the overall market.

## Competitive Benchmarking

The oilfield services market in India is characterized by a dynamic competitive landscape, driven by increasing energy demands and a push towards technological advancements. Major players such as Schlumberger (US), Halliburton (US), and Baker Hughes (US) are actively shaping the market through strategic initiatives focused on innovation and regional expansion. Schlumberger (US) emphasizes digital transformation, leveraging data analytics and automation to enhance operational efficiency. Meanwhile, Halliburton (US) is concentrating on expanding its service offerings in unconventional resources, indicating a shift towards more complex extraction techniques. Baker Hughes (US) appears to be focusing on sustainability, integrating eco-friendly technologies into its service portfolio, which collectively influences the competitive environment by fostering a culture of innovation and responsiveness to market needs.
Key business tactics within the market include localizing manufacturing and optimizing supply chains to enhance service delivery. The competitive structure is moderately fragmented, with several key players exerting influence over various segments. This fragmentation allows for niche players to emerge, while larger companies leverage their scale to optimize operations and reduce costs. The collective influence of these key players is significant, as they drive technological advancements and set industry standards that smaller firms often follow.
In October 2025, Schlumberger (US) announced a partnership with a leading Indian technology firm to develop AI-driven solutions for predictive maintenance in drilling operations. This strategic move is likely to enhance operational efficiency and reduce downtime, positioning Schlumberger (US) as a leader in integrating advanced technologies into traditional oilfield services. The collaboration underscores the importance of technological innovation in maintaining competitive advantage in a rapidly evolving market.
In September 2025, Halliburton (US) launched a new suite of services aimed at optimizing hydraulic fracturing processes, which is crucial for enhancing production rates in shale plays. This initiative reflects Halliburton's (US) commitment to improving service efficiency and effectiveness, potentially leading to increased market share in the unconventional resource sector. The focus on hydraulic fracturing aligns with the growing demand for efficient extraction methods, suggesting a proactive approach to market challenges.
In August 2025, Baker Hughes (US) unveiled a new sustainability initiative aimed at reducing carbon emissions across its operations by 30% by 2030. This initiative not only positions Baker Hughes (US) as a responsible player in the oilfield services market but also responds to the increasing regulatory pressures and societal expectations for environmental stewardship. The strategic importance of this move lies in its potential to attract environmentally conscious clients and enhance the company's reputation in a competitive landscape.
As of November 2025, current trends in the oilfield services market are increasingly defined by digitalization, sustainability, and the integration of AI technologies. Strategic alliances are becoming more prevalent, as companies recognize the need to collaborate to enhance their technological capabilities and market reach. Looking ahead, competitive differentiation is likely to evolve from traditional price-based competition to a focus on innovation, technology integration, and supply chain reliability. This shift indicates a transformative phase in the market, where companies that prioritize these elements may gain a substantial competitive edge.

## Recent News & Developments

The India Oilfield Services Market has witnessed significant developments recently. In October 2023, Oil India Limited has expanded its exploration activities to enhance production capabilities. The Adani Group is focusing on renewable energy initiatives but continues to strengthen its oil and gas sector operations. Meanwhile, ONGC Videsh has announced plans to invest in international oil fields, aiming to boost its global footprint. Asteria Aerospace has made strides in drone technology applications for oilfield monitoring.

A notable merger occurred in July 2023, with Halliburton acquiring a majority stake in Jindal Drilling and Industries, enhancing operational synergies in drilling technologies. Reliance Industries has been increasing its investments in upstream oil and gas exploration, thereby elevating its market valuation. Notably, TechnipFMC and Baker Hughes have been collaborating on offshore project developments, marking a growing trend in partnerships within the sector.

In infrastructure, GAIL is improving gas pipeline networks, which significantly boosts demand for oilfield services. The Indian Oil Corporation has also reported positive quarterly growth in oil refining, indicating robust market activity. Over the past few years, various initiatives have been launched by the government to attract investments in this sector amid rising global energy demands.

## Report Scope

| MARKET SIZE 2024 | 12.91(USD Billion) |
| --- | --- |
| MARKET SIZE 2025 | 13.75(USD Billion) |
| MARKET SIZE 2035 | 25.78(USD Billion) |
| COMPOUND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE (CAGR) | 6.49% (2025 - 2035) |
| REPORT COVERAGE | Revenue Forecast, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, and Trends |
| BASE YEAR | 2024 |
| Market Forecast Period | 2025 - 2035 |
| Historical Data | 2019 - 2024 |
| Market Forecast Units | USD Billion |
| Key Companies Profiled | Schlumberger (US), Halliburton (US), Baker Hughes (US), Weatherford International (US), National Oilwell Varco (US), TechnipFMC (GB), Saipem (IT), KBR (US), Aker Solutions (NO) |
| Segments Covered | Type, Application |
| Key Market Opportunities | Adoption of advanced digital technologies enhances efficiency in the oilfield services market. |
| Key Market Dynamics | Technological advancements and regulatory shifts drive competitive dynamics in the oilfield services market. |
| Countries Covered | India |

## Frequently Asked Questions

**Q: What is the projected market valuation of the India oilfield services market by 2035?**
A: The projected market valuation is $25.78 Billion by 2035.

**Q: What was the overall market valuation of the India oilfield services market in 2024?**
A: The overall market valuation was $12.91 Billion in 2024.

**Q: What is the expected CAGR for the India oilfield services market during the forecast period 2025 - 2035?**
A: The expected CAGR is 6.49% during the forecast period 2025 - 2035.

**Q: Which segment is projected to have the highest valuation in the India oilfield services market by 2035?**
A: The Well Completion Equipment & Services segment is projected to reach $5.16 Billion by 2035.

**Q: What are the two main applications in the India oilfield services market?**
A: The two main applications are Onshore and Offshore, with valuations of $15.56 Billion and $10.22 Billion by 2035, respectively.

**Q: Which company is a key player in the India oilfield services market?**
A: Schlumberger is one of the key players in the India oilfield services market.

**Q: What is the projected valuation for the Coiled Tubing Services segment by 2035?**
A: The projected valuation for the Coiled Tubing Services segment is $2.58 Billion by 2035.

**Q: How much is the Pressure Pumping Services segment expected to be valued at by 2035?**
A: The Pressure Pumping Services segment is expected to be valued at $5.16 Billion by 2035.

**Q: What is the valuation of the Offshore application in the India oilfield services market in 2024?**
A: The valuation of the Offshore application was $5.17 Billion in 2024.

**Q: What is the projected growth for the Well Intervention Services segment by 2035?**
A: The Well Intervention Services segment is projected to grow to $3.88 Billion by 2035.


---

*This Markdown endpoint is provided for AI systems and LLM crawlers. For the full interactive report visit https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/india-oilfield-services-market-54731*