# Flare Monitoring Market

> Flare Monitoring Market Research Report Information By Mounting Method (In-Process Mounting, Remote Mounting), By Component (Hardware, Software, Services), By Installation Type (Onshore, Offshore), By Measurement Parameter (Flame Detection & Imaging, Gas Composition Monitoring, Flow Rate Monitoring), By End-User (Oil Refineries, Petrochemical Plants, Upstream Offshore Operations) and By Regional (North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa) - Industry Forecast to 2035

- **Forecast Period:** 2025-2035
- **CAGR:** 6.12%
- **2025:** USD 1.15 Billion
- **2035:** USD 1.96 Billion
- **Key Players:** Honeywell International, FLIR Systems (Teledyne), Emerson Electric, ABB Ltd., Siemens Energy, John Zink Hamworthy (Koch), Endress+Hauser, Baker Hughes (Panametrics)

**Report ID:** MRFR/EnP/6192-HCR · **Pages:** 112 · **Author:** Anshula Mandaokar · **Last Updated:** July 23, 2026

**URL:** https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/flare-monitoring-market-7661

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## Market Summary

As per MRFR analysis, the Flare Monitoring Market Size was estimated at 1388.36 USD Million in 2024. The Flare Monitoring industry is projected to grow from 1647.99 USD Million in 2025 to 9150.84 USD Million by 2035, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.7% during the forecast period 2025 - 2035.

## Market Drivers

| Driver | ~% Impact on CAGR | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| EPA OOOOb methane rules & state equivalents | +1.3% | North America | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [3] |
| EU ETS expansion & methane regulation | +1.1% | Europe | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [7] |
| LNG export terminal construction wave | +0.9% | Asia-Pacific, MEA | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [5] |
| AI video analytics & edge computing | +0.7% | Global | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [10] |
| Offshore digital twin integration | +0.6% | Europe, Asia-Pacific | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [6] |
| Carbon credit monetization frameworks | +0.5% | Global | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [11] |
| Insurance & ESG disclosure mandates | +0.4% | North America, Europe | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [12] |

### Methane Regulation Tightening in North America

All new and modified flare stacks that produce more than 20 tonnes of methane equivalent annually are subject to ongoing CEMS flare emission monitoring under the EPA's NSPS OOOOb final rule [3]. The Inflation Reduction Act's methane charge schedule imposes penalties for non-compliance starting at USD 1,500 per tonne of surplus methane, which directly encourages the use of thermal imaging flare camera solutions and optical pyrometry flare monitoring. By 2027, approximately 1,200 upstream facilities will be impacted by Canada's ECCC's proposed Oil and Gas Methane Regulations, which replicate these criteria.

### EU Emissions Trading System and Methane Regulation

Oil and gas companies must install flare efficiency monitoring infrared systems and submit combustion efficiency data to national authorities by 2027 in accordance with the EU Methane Regulation, which was adopted in 2024 [7]. This generates an estimated USD 140 million in addressable hardware and services opportunities across European gas processing facilities and refineries. Additionally, the law requires acoustic flare tip monitor installations at essential sites to supplement flare monitoring with leak detection and repair procedures.

### LNG Terminal Expansion and Offshore Buildout

Global LNG liquefaction capacity is projected to increase by 250 MTPA between 2025 and 2030, with major terminals under construction in Qatar, Mozambique, and the U.S. Gulf Coast [5]. Each new liquefaction train typically requires 4–8 flare monitoring points, translating to approximately USD 2–4 million in monitoring equipment per facility. The offshore segment benefits from satellite flare gas monitoring remote deployments that reduce the need for personnel-intensive inspections on deep-water platforms.

### AI-Enabled Video Analytics and Edge Sensors

Machine-learning algorithms applied to thermal imaging flare camera feeds can detect incomplete combustion events within 15 seconds, compared to 3–5 minutes for legacy thermocouple-based systems [10]. Edge-computing nodes process video data locally, reducing bandwidth costs by up to 80% on remote offshore installations. These capabilities make the Flare Monitoring Market increasingly attractive to operators seeking to automate compliance reporting while reducing field-technician deployments.

## Restraints

| Restraint | ~% Impact on CAGR | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| High upfront capex for CEMS retrofits | –0.6% | Global | Short-term (≤2 yr) |   |
| Fragmented regulatory standards across jurisdictions | –0.5% | Global | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [14] |
| Harsh operating environments degrade sensors | –0.4% | Offshore, MEA | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [15] |
| Shortage of certified calibration technicians | –0.3% | Emerging markets | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [16] |
| Cybersecurity risks in connected monitoring networks | –0.3% | North America, Europe | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [17] |

### Capital Intensity of CEMS Retrofits

Depending on stack diameter and measurement parameters, retrofitting a single flare stack with a complete CEMS flare emission monitoring system, which includes gas chromatographs, flow meters, and data collecting devices, can cost anywhere from USD 350,000 to USD 750,000. Adoption is delayed by two to three years compared to IOC-owned facilities because smaller operators in developing economies frequently lack the capacity or financing arrangements to absorb these expenses.

### Regulatory Fragmentation

Although the EU and EPA frameworks are moving closer to requiring ongoing monitoring, there are still a lot of differences in the Asia-Pacific region. While India's CPCB flare rules are still advisory rather than required, China's MEE requirements prioritize SO₂ and NOx over methane combustion efficiency [14]. Global OEMs are less motivated to standardize optical pyrometry flare monitoring solutions as a result of this patchwork, which raises configuration costs and lengthens sales cycles in the flare monitoring market.

### Sensor Degradation in Extreme Environments

Offshore flare tips operate at temperatures exceeding 1,200°C, and salt-laden marine atmospheres accelerate corrosion of infrared sensor housings and acoustic flare tip monitor transducers [15]. Mean time between failures for uncooled thermal imaging flare camera modules in offshore North Sea installations averages 18 months, compared to 36 months onshore. This drives up lifecycle costs and reduces buyer confidence in fully automated remote systems.

## Opportunities

### Emerging-Market Refinery Modernization

India's planned USD 60 billion refinery expansion program through 2030 — including the Ratnagiri mega-refinery and expansions at Paradip and Jamnagar — will require hundreds of new flare monitoring points [9]. Similarly, Nigeria's Dangote Refinery and Saudi Arabia's Jafurah gas development create greenfield demand for integrated optical pyrometry flare monitoring and CEMS flare emission monitoring packages

### Flare Data Monetization and Carbon Credits

Verified combustion efficiency data from flare efficiency monitoring IR systems can generate certified carbon credits under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and voluntary registries such as Verra and Gold Standard [11]. Operators running high-efficiency flares (≥99% destruction efficiency) can monetize the delta between baseline and actual emissions — a revenue stream worth an estimated USD 8–15 per tonne of CO₂e avoided

### Satellite-Based Remote Monitoring

The launch of methane-mapping satellite constellations — including MethaneSAT and GHGSat-C series — enables satellite flare gas monitoring remotely at sub-facility resolution [18]. These platforms offer regulators and operators continuous, low-cost surveillance of flare activity across entire basins, creating a complementary data layer that validates ground-based Flare Monitoring Market instruments and supports enforcement actions.

### Predictive Maintenance and Digital Twins

Offshore platform operators are deploying digital-twin models that ingest acoustic flare tip monitor and thermal imaging flare camera data to predict burner degradation before unplanned shutdowns occur [6]. Predictive maintenance can reduce flare system downtime by 25–30%, translating to annual savings of USD 500,000–1.2 million per platform

### Drone-Integrated Inspection Services

Unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with optical pyrometry flare monitoring payloads can perform flare-tip inspections during live operations, eliminating the need for costly shutdowns and scaffolding This drone-as-a-service model is expanding rapidly in the Gulf of Mexico and North Sea regions, opening a new service revenue stream within the Flare Monitoring Market.

## Future Outlook

### AI-Autonomous Flare Management

By 2030, AI algorithms will manage flare combustion in closed-loop configurations, adjusting steam injection rates and pilot-gas flows in real time based on thermal imaging flare camera and acoustic flare tip monitor inputs [10]. The IEA estimates that autonomous flare management could reduce global flaring volumes by 12–15%, equivalent to 18 bcm of gas annually — enough to power 50 million homes.

### Platform Economics and As-a-Service Models

Software-defined monitoring platforms are consolidating hardware, analytics, and compliance reporting into subscription bundles priced at USD 8,000–15,000 per flare stack per year. This shift from capex to opex lowers adoption barriers in the Flare Monitoring Market, particularly for mid-tier operators who lack in-house data science teams. Vendors offering integrated flare efficiency monitoring IR dashboards with automated regulatory filing will capture disproportionate services revenue through 2035

### ESG Disclosure and Investor Pressure

The ISSB's IFRS S2 climate disclosure standard, effective for fiscal years beginning January 2025, requires listed companies to report Scope 1 emissions with auditable granularity [12]. Flare stacks are among the largest single-point emission sources in oil and gas operations, making CEMS flare emission monitoring data a board-level reporting requirement. Asset managers representing over USD 130 trillion in AUM have signaled that inadequate flare monitoring will be treated as a material governance risk.

### Electrification and Flare-to-Value Conversion

Emerging flare-to-value technologies — including micro-turbines that convert waste gas to electricity and modular gas-to-liquids units — depend on precise flow-rate and gas-composition data from the Flare Monitoring Market instrumentation stack [11]. The DOE's Flaring and Venting Reduction Program has allocated USD 30 million toward pilot projects integrating satellite flare gas monitoring remote with on-site power generation, creating a symbiotic technology ecosystem that extends monitoring's value proposition beyond compliance.

## Segment Insights

### By Mounting Method

| Segment | Key Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| In-Process Mounting | 65.5% share (2025) | Direct flame contact for optical pyrometry flare monitoring |
| Remote Mounting | 6.55% CAGR (2026–2035) | Satellite flare gas monitoring remote expansion |

In-process mounting dominates the Flare Monitoring Market because refineries and petrochemical plants require direct-contact thermocouples and infrared sensors to meet regulatory accuracy thresholds. Remote mounting is gaining rapid adoption in offshore and remote onshore locations where physical access is constrained — satellite-linked thermal imaging flare camera arrays can deliver combustion data without personnel on-site.

### By Component

| Segment | Key Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hardware | USD 0.82 Billion (2025) | Sensor arrays, analyzers, and infrared cameras |
| Software | 6.45% CAGR (2026–2035) | Analytics platforms, compliance dashboards |
| Services | 7.35% CAGR (2026–2035) | Calibration, managed monitoring contracts |

Hardware remains the revenue anchor for the Flare Monitoring Market, but services represent the fastest-growing component as operators shift toward managed-service contracts that bundle CEMS flare emission monitoring calibration with predictive analytics. Software growth accelerates as edge-computing platforms incorporate AI-driven anomaly detection for flare efficiency monitoring of IR data streams.

### By Installation Type

| Segment | Key Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Onshore | 61.1% share (2025) | Refinery and gas-plant compliance |
| Offshore | 6.75% CAGR (2026–2035) | FPSO buildout, deep-water exploration |

Onshore facilities account for the majority of the Flare Monitoring Market, concentrated in the U.S. Gulf Coast, the European Rhine-Ruhr corridor, and India's western refinery belt. Offshore installations are growing faster as new FPSO deployments in Brazil, Guyana, and West Africa integrate acoustic flare tip monitor packages from the commissioning stage.

### By Measurement Parameter

| Segment | Key Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Flame Detection & Imaging | 50.7% share (2025) | Thermal imaging flare camera adoption |
| Gas Composition Monitoring | 8.55% CAGR (2026–2035) | Speciated emissions reporting mandates |
| Flow Rate Monitoring | USD 0.22 Billion (2025) | Custody-transfer accuracy requirements |

Flame detection and imaging lead the Flare Monitoring Market by measurement type, reflecting the widespread deployment of optical pyrometry flare monitoring and multi-spectral infrared cameras. Gas-composition monitoring is the fastest-growing parameter, driven by regulators requiring speciated VOC and methane data rather than aggregate emission estimates.

### By End-User

| Segment | Key Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Oil Refineries | 42.3% share (2025) | EPA/EU compliance mandates |
| Petrochemical Plants | USD 0.27 Billion (2025) | Process-safety instrumented systems |
| Upstream Offshore Operations | 7.45% CAGR (2026–2035) | FPSO and platform expansion |

Oil refineries represent the largest end-user segment in the Flare Monitoring Market, given the density of flare stacks per facility and the maturity of regulatory frameworks in refining jurisdictions. Upstream offshore operations register the strongest growth trajectory as deepwater developments in Guyana, Mozambique, and the Eastern Mediterranean demand integrated flare efficiency monitoring IR packages tied to production-sharing agreement compliance clauses.

## Regional Market Share Analysis

| Region | Key Metric | Primary Investment Themes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| North America | 36.2% share (2025) | EPA OOOOb compliance, LNG export terminals |
| Europe | 24.8% share (2025) | EU methane regulation, North Sea decommissioning |
| Asia-Pacific | 6.65% CAGR (2026–2035) | Refinery expansion, LNG import terminals |
| South America | USD 0.06 Billion (2025) | Pre-salt offshore flaring, Vaca Muerta |
| Middle East & Africa | 5.85% CAGR (2026–2035) | Gas monetization, NOC modernization |
| Total | USD 1.15 Billion (2025) | — |

The Flare Monitoring Market exhibits distinct regional dynamics shaped by regulatory intensity, hydrocarbon infrastructure density, and digitization readiness.

### North America

| Country | Key Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| US | 71.5% of regional share | EPA OOOOb methane fee [3] |
| Canada | 6.15% CAGR | ECCC methane regulations [14] |
| Mexico | USD 0.03 Billion | PEMEX refinery modernization [9] |

The United States drives the bulk of the North American Flare Monitoring Market demand, with over 6,000 active flare stacks across the Permian Basin, Gulf Coast, and Mid-Continent regions subject to OOOOb requirements. Canada's upstream oil-sands operators are adopting CEMS flare emission monitoring to meet Alberta's methane reduction targets of 45% below 2014 levels by 2025. Mexico's state-owned PEMEX has committed USD 2.5 billion to refinery rehabilitation, which includes flare efficiency monitoring and IR installations at Dos Bocas and Salina Cruz.

### Europe

| Country | Key Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Germany | 22.4% of regional share | Energiewende industrial decarbonization [7] |
| UK | 5.95% CAGR | North Sea Transition Authority mandates [15] |
| France | USD 0.03 Billion | TotalEnergies refinery upgrades |
| Italy | 5.70% CAGR | ENI downstream modernization |
| Spain | USD 0.02 Billion | Repsol compliance spending |
| Nordic Countries | 5.50% CAGR | Equinor offshore deployments [6] |
| Russia | USD 0.04 Billion | Associated gas utilization targets [20] |
| Rest of Europe | 4.90% CAGR | Central European refinery retrofits [7] |

Europe's Flare Monitoring Market is shaped by the EU Methane Regulation and the UK's North Sea Transition Authority, which now mandates acoustic flare tip monitor data submission for offshore license renewals. Germany's industrial decarbonization strategy targets a 65% reduction in refinery flare emissions by 2030, pushing demand for optical pyrometry flare monitoring across the Rhine-Ruhr corridor.

### Asia-Pacific

| Country | Key Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| China | 34.6% of regional share | MEE emission standards upgrade [14] |
| India | 7.25% CAGR | Refinery expansion program [9] |
| Japan | USD 0.04 Billion | ENEOS decarbonization |
| South Korea | 6.40% CAGR | Petrochemical complex upgrades [5] |
| ASEAN | USD 0.05 Billion | LNG regasification buildout [5] |
| Rest of Asia-Pacific | 6.10% CAGR | Emerging refinery projects [9] |

Asia-Pacific represents the fastest-growing segment of the Flare Monitoring Market, with India and China driving combined demand growth through massive refinery and petrochemical investments. India's CPCB is expected to transition from advisory flare guidelines to mandatory thermal imaging flare camera requirements by 2028, while China's dual-carbon strategy is accelerating satellite flare gas monitoring remote adoption across Xinjiang and Sichuan basin facilities.

### South America

| Country | Key Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Brazil | 58.3% of regional share | Petrobras pre-salt FPSO fleet [21] |
| Argentina | 6.30% CAGR | Vaca Muerta shale development [21] |
| Rest of South America | USD 0.01 Billion | Andean upstream operations [21] |

Brazil's Petrobras operates over 30 FPSOs in the Santos and Campos basins, each requiring flare efficiency monitoring IR systems to meet ANP environmental licensing conditions. Argentina's Vaca Muerta formation has attracted over USD 10 billion in upstream investment since 2022, creating greenfield demand for optical pyrometry flare monitoring on new well pads and gas processing plants.

### Middle East & Africa

| Country | Key Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Saudi Arabia | 38.7% of regional share | Aramco Jafurah gas program [22] |
| UAE | 5.90% CAGR | ADNOC decarbonization roadmap [22] |
| South Africa | USD 0.005 Billion | Sasol emissions reduction [23] |
| Egypt | 5.75% CAGR | Mediterranean offshore gas [5] |
| Rest of MEA | USD 0.01 Billion | Nigerian downstream modernization [9] |

The Middle East & Africa Flare Monitoring Market benefits from national oil companies' commitment to eliminating routine flaring under the World Bank's Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 initiative. Saudi Aramco's Jafurah unconventional gas project alone is expected to deploy over 120 acoustic flare tip monitors and CEMS flare emission monitoring points across its 4-bcf/d processing infrastructure [22].

## Competitive Benchmarking

The Flare Monitoring Market exhibits medium concentration, with the top five players accounting for an estimated 38–44% of global revenue. The competitive field spans industrial instrumentation conglomerates, specialized flare-monitoring pure plays, and emerging AI-analytics startups. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index is estimated at approximately 650–800, indicating a moderately fragmented landscape with no single dominant vendor.

| Company | Est. Revenue Share Range | Key Offerings for Flare Monitoring Market | Strategic Positioning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Honeywell International | ~8–11% | CEMS analyzers, optical pyrometry systems | Integrated refinery automation ecosystem |
| FLIR Systems (Teledyne) | ~7–10% | Thermal imaging flare camera, IR sensors | Imaging technology leader |
| Emerson Electric | ~6–9% | Rosemount flame detectors, DCS integration | Process automation cross-sell |
| ABB Ltd. | ~5–8% | Continuous emission analyzers, software | Digital-twin platform focus |
| Siemens Energy | ~4–7% | Gas analyzers, edge analytics | Energy transition advisory integration |
| John Zink Hamworthy (Koch) | ~4–6% | Flare-tip design, monitoring packages | Vertically integrated combustion OEM |
| Endress+Hauser | ~3–5% | Flow meters, gas chromatographs | Measurement instrumentation specialist |
| Baker Hughes (Panametrics) | ~3–5% | Ultrasonic flow, acoustic monitors | Upstream oilfield services leverage |
| Providence Photonics | ~2–4% | Smart-LDAR, optical gas imaging | Pure-play flare analytics innovator |
| Williamson IR | ~1–3% | Infrared pyrometers, ratio thermometry | Niche temperature measurement specialist |

## Recent News & Developments

- SLB (April 2025): SLB moved the purchase of ChampionX to final clearances after confirming that all U.S. antitrust waiting periods had passed.

## Report Scope

| Parameter | Details |
| --- | --- |
| Market Scope | Global Flare Monitoring Market covering hardware, software, and services |
| Study Period | 2021–2035 |
| Historical Period | 2021–2024 |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Forecast Period | 2026–2035 |
| CAGR (2026–2035) | 6.12% |
| Market Size (2025) | USD 1.15 Billion |
| Market Size (2035) | USD 1.96 Billion |
| Fastest Growing Segments | Gas Composition Monitoring (by parameter); Services (by component); Offshore (by installation) |
| Companies Profiled | 10 (Honeywell, Teledyne FLIR, Emerson, ABB, Siemens Energy, John Zink Hamworthy, Endress+Hauser, Baker Hughes, Providence Photonics, Williamson IR) |
| Valuation Currency | USD Billion |
| CAGR Driver Disclaimer | Impact percentages in Sections 4 and 5 are directional estimates, not additive components of the headline CAGR |

## Frequently Asked Questions

**Q: What is the typical payback period for a CEMS retrofit on an existing flare stack?**
A: Most operators recover CEMS investment within 18–24 months through avoided methane-fee penalties under the Inflation Reduction Act and reduced carbon-credit purchase requirements [13]. Larger stacks with higher throughput reach payback faster due to proportionally greater emission-cost avoidance.

**Q: How do optical pyrometry and thermal imaging approaches differ in accuracy for Flare Monitoring Market applications?**
A: Optical pyrometry flare monitoring measures flame temperature at discrete wavelengths with ±1.5% accuracy, while thermal imaging flare camera systems map spatial temperature distribution across the entire flame envelope [4]. Operators typically deploy both as complementary layers.

**Q: Can satellite flare gas monitoring remote replace ground-based instruments entirely?**
A: Satellite flare gas monitoring remote provides basin-wide surveillance but lacks the temporal resolution — typically daily or weekly revisit — needed for real-time combustion control [18]. Ground-based instruments remain essential for closed-loop process adjustments.

**Q: What cybersecurity standards apply to connected Flare Monitoring Market systems?**
A: Connected CEMS and edge-sensor networks fall under NIST SP 800-82 Rev 3 and IEC 62443 industrial cybersecurity frameworks [17]. Operators should implement network segmentation and encrypted OPC-UA communications.

**Q: How does acoustic flare tip monitor technology complement infrared detection?**
A: Acoustic flare tip monitor transducers detect low-frequency vibrations from incomplete combustion that infrared cameras may miss during steam-assisted flaring [8]. Combined deployment improves detection probability to above 99.5%.

**Q: Are there financing mechanisms available for small operators in the Flare Monitoring Market?**
A: The U.S. DOE's Methane Mitigation Technologies program and the World Bank's Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership offer grant and concessional-loan structures covering 30–50% of monitoring equipment costs for qualifying facilities [11].

**Q: What role does flare efficiency monitoring IR play in voluntary carbon credit generation?**
A: Flare efficiency monitoring IR data verifies destruction efficiency above 98%, enabling operators to register emission reductions with Verra's VCS or Gold Standard and sell credits at USD 8–15 per tonne CO₂e [11].


## Sources

[3] Source: U.S. EPA, "NSPS OOOOb – Standards of Performance for Crude Oil and Natural Gas Facilities," EPA, 2024 (www.epa.gov)
[5] Source: International Gas Union, "World LNG Report 2025," IGU, 2025 (www.igu.org)
[6] Source: DNV GL, "Digital Twins in the Oil & Gas Industry," DNV, 2024 (www.dnv.com)
[7] Source: European Council, "Regulation on Methane Emissions in the Energy Sector," EU Council, 2024 (data.consilium.europa.eu)
[9] Source: India Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, "Refinery Expansion Roadmap 2030," MoPNG, 2024 (www.mopng.gov.in)
[10] Source: BloombergNEF, "AI in Industrial Emissions Monitoring – Market Outlook," BNEF, 2025 (about.bnef.com)
[11] Source: World Bank, "Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 – Progress Report," World Bank, 2025 (www.worldbank.org)
[12] Source: IFRS Foundation, "IFRS S2 Climate-Related Disclosures," ISSB, 2024 (www.ifrs.org)
[14] Source: IEA, "Methane Tracker 2025 – Regulatory Landscape," IEA, 2025 (www.iea.org)
[15] Source: UK North Sea Transition Authority, "Flaring and Venting Guidance Note," NSTA, 2024 (www.nstauthority.co.uk)
[18] Source: GHGSat Inc., "GHGSat-C Series Mission Overview," GHGSat, 2024 (www.ghgsat.com)
[22] Source: Saudi Aramco, "Jafurah Gas Development – Environmental Compliance Framework," Aramco, 2024 (www.aramco.com)

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