×
Request Free Sample ×

Kindly complete the form below to receive a free sample of this Report

* Please use a valid business email

Leading companies partner with us for data-driven Insights

clients tt-cursor
Hero Background

Bone Biopsy Market

ID: MRFR/HC/3898-CR
98 Pages
Kinjoll Dey
September 2022

Bone Biopsy Market Research Report Information by Type (Needle Biopsy, Open Biopsy), by Guided (MRI-Guided and CT-Guided), by End User (Hospitals & Clinics, Surgical Centers, and Others), and by Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Rest of the World)—Forecast till 2035

Share:
Download PDF ×

We do not share your information with anyone. However, we may send you emails based on your report interest from time to time. You may contact us at any time to opt-out.

Bone Biopsy Market Infographic
×
Bone Biopsy Market Infographic Full View
Purchase Options

Bone Biopsy Market Summary

As per MRFR analysis, the Bone Biopsy Market Size was estimated at 720.0 USD Million in 2024. The Bone Biopsy industry is projected to grow from 759.53 in 2025 to 1296.15 by 2035, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.49 during the forecast period 2025 - 2035.

Key Market Trends & Highlights

The Bone Biopsy Market is experiencing robust growth driven by technological advancements and increasing awareness of bone health.

  • Technological advancements are enhancing the precision and efficiency of bone biopsy procedures.
  • The rising incidence of bone disorders is propelling demand for diagnostic solutions in North America, the largest market.
  • The focus on personalized medicine is fostering innovation in the research segment, which is the fastest-growing area.
  • Key market drivers include the increasing investment in healthcare infrastructure and growing awareness of bone health.

Market Size & Forecast

2024 Market Size 720.0 (USD Million)
2035 Market Size 1296.15 (USD Million)
CAGR (2025 - 2035) 5.49%

Major Players

BD (US), Thermo Fisher Scientific (US), Hologic (US), Merit Medical Systems (US), Cook Medical (US), Cardinal Health (US), Stryker (US), Olympus Corporation (JP), Biopsybell (FR)

Bone Biopsy Market Trends

The Bone Biopsy Market is currently experiencing notable growth, driven by advancements in medical technology and an increasing prevalence of bone-related diseases. As healthcare providers seek more accurate diagnostic tools, the demand for minimally invasive procedures has surged. This trend is further supported by the rising awareness of the importance of early detection and treatment of conditions such as osteoporosis and various cancers. Consequently, innovations in biopsy techniques and equipment are becoming more prevalent, enhancing the overall efficiency and safety of procedures. Furthermore, the integration of imaging technologies with biopsy methods is likely to improve precision, thereby attracting more healthcare facilities to adopt these advanced solutions. In addition to technological advancements, the Bone Biopsy Market is influenced by demographic shifts, particularly the aging population. As individuals age, the incidence of bone disorders tends to increase, leading to a higher demand for diagnostic services. Moreover, the growing emphasis on personalized medicine is prompting healthcare professionals to utilize bone biopsies for tailored treatment plans. This evolving landscape suggests that the market will continue to expand, with ongoing research and development efforts aimed at improving patient outcomes and procedural efficacy. Overall, the Bone Biopsy Market appears poised for sustained growth, driven by a combination of technological innovation and demographic trends.

Technological Advancements

The Bone Biopsy Market is witnessing a surge in technological innovations, particularly in imaging techniques and biopsy tools. These advancements enhance the accuracy and safety of procedures, making them more appealing to healthcare providers. As a result, the integration of new technologies is likely to drive market growth.

Rising Incidence of Bone Disorders

An increase in the prevalence of bone-related diseases, such as osteoporosis and cancers, is significantly impacting the Bone Biopsy Market. This trend is prompting healthcare professionals to seek more effective diagnostic methods, thereby boosting the demand for biopsy procedures.

Focus on Personalized Medicine

The growing emphasis on personalized medicine is shaping the Bone Biopsy Market. Healthcare providers are increasingly utilizing biopsy results to develop tailored treatment plans, which may lead to improved patient outcomes and a greater reliance on biopsy procedures.

Bone Biopsy Market Drivers

Market Growth Projections

The Global Bone Biopsy Market Industry is projected to experience substantial growth over the next decade. With an estimated market value of 0.72 USD Billion in 2024, it is expected to reach 1.3 USD Billion by 2035. This growth trajectory indicates a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.54% from 2025 to 2035. Factors contributing to this growth include increasing incidences of bone disorders, advancements in biopsy technologies, and rising awareness of bone health. These projections suggest a promising future for the industry, driven by both technological and demographic trends.

Expanding Applications in Oncology

The Global Bone Biopsy Market Industry is witnessing an expansion in applications, particularly in oncology. Bone biopsies are increasingly utilized for diagnosing metastatic cancers and assessing treatment responses. As the global cancer burden rises, the need for accurate diagnostic tools becomes more critical. For example, bone metastases occur in approximately 70% of patients with advanced breast or prostate cancer, necessitating effective biopsy procedures. This trend indicates a growing market potential, as healthcare providers seek reliable methods for cancer diagnosis and management, further driving the industry's growth.

Government Initiatives and Funding

Government initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and funding for diagnostic procedures are positively influencing the Global Bone Biopsy Market Industry. Various countries are investing in healthcare systems to enhance access to advanced diagnostic tools, including bone biopsies. For instance, national health programs that allocate funds for cancer diagnosis and treatment are likely to increase the availability of bone biopsy services. This support from governments may lead to a more robust market environment, facilitating growth and innovation within the industry.

Increasing Incidence of Bone Disorders

The Global Bone Biopsy Market Industry is experiencing growth driven by the rising prevalence of bone disorders such as osteoporosis and bone cancers. As populations age, the incidence of these conditions increases, necessitating diagnostic procedures like bone biopsies. For instance, osteoporosis affects approximately 200 million women worldwide, highlighting the need for effective diagnostic tools. This trend is expected to contribute to the market's expansion, with the industry projected to reach 0.72 USD Billion in 2024, indicating a growing demand for bone biopsy procedures.

Rising Awareness and Screening Programs

Growing awareness regarding bone health and the importance of early diagnosis is propelling the Global Bone Biopsy Market Industry. Public health initiatives and screening programs aimed at detecting bone-related diseases are becoming more prevalent. For instance, campaigns promoting osteoporosis screening have led to increased patient referrals for bone biopsies. This heightened awareness is likely to drive demand for diagnostic procedures, contributing to the market's growth trajectory. By 2035, the industry is projected to reach 1.3 USD Billion, underscoring the impact of awareness on the adoption of bone biopsy techniques.

Technological Advancements in Biopsy Techniques

Innovations in biopsy techniques are significantly influencing the Global Bone Biopsy Market Industry. The introduction of minimally invasive procedures and advanced imaging technologies enhances the accuracy and safety of bone biopsies. For example, the use of ultrasound-guided biopsies allows for real-time imaging, improving the precision of needle placement. These advancements not only improve patient outcomes but also increase the efficiency of the procedures, potentially leading to a higher adoption rate. As a result, the market is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 5.54% from 2025 to 2035, reflecting the positive impact of technology on the industry.

Market Segment Insights

By Application: Diagnostic (Largest) vs. Research (Fastest-Growing)

The bone biopsy market segment is primarily led by the diagnostic application, recognized for its critical role in identifying various bone diseases and conditions. Diagnostic procedures are widely used across hospitals and specialized clinics, significantly contributing to the overall market share. Research applications, while currently smaller, are emerging robustly as developments in medical research and innovations rise, driven by ongoing studies about bone health and tissue regeneration. As advancements continue, the therapeutic application shows steady growth fueled by increasing demand for targeted treatments. Research applications are witnessing the fastest growth due to heightened investments in clinical studies and trials focusing on innovative solutions for bone-related disorders. This trend indicates a pivotal shift towards enhancing medical knowledge, which may lead to better treatment methodologies and patient outcomes over time.

Application: Diagnostic (Dominant) vs. Therapeutic (Emerging)

The diagnostic application in the bone biopsy market is characterized by its established presence, being the most widely utilized method for identifying bone-related diseases. It is instrumental in providing accurate diagnostic results, allowing for timely interventions. Clinics and hospitals prioritize these procedures due to their critical role in patient care, ensuring substantial market dominance. In contrast, the therapeutic application is emerging with a focus on developing personalized treatment strategies for various bone conditions. As technology advances, this segment is gaining traction, reflecting the shift towards more proactive healthcare solutions. While diagnostic procedures serve as the foundation of clinical practices, therapeutic innovations are starting to capture attention, indicating a potential transformation in how bone diseases are managed.

By End Use: Hospitals (Largest) vs. Research Institutions (Fastest-Growing)

In the Bone Biopsy Market, the end-use segment is significantly dominated by hospitals, which hold the largest share due to their comprehensive diagnostic and treatment capabilities. Diagnostic laboratories also play a crucial role, as they provide essential analysis and testing services for biopsy samples, contributing to the overall market dynamics. Research institutions, while presently a smaller segment, are emerging as key players, particularly in developing new techniques and therapies related to bone health.

End Use: Hospitals (Dominant) vs. Research Institutions (Emerging)

Hospitals are the dominant segment in the Bone Biopsy Market, primarily owing to their extensive infrastructure and availability of advanced technology for bone biopsies. They offer a full range of services from diagnosis to treatment, making them preferred facilities for patients. In contrast, research institutions are rapidly emerging as a vital component of the market, focusing on innovative research and development in bone health. They are driving new methodologies and enhancing the understanding of bone diseases, leading to potential breakthroughs in the industry. As a result, this segment is witnessing robust growth propelled by increased funding and collaboration with commercial entities.

By Type of Biopsy: Needle Biopsy (Largest) vs. Surgical Biopsy (Fastest-Growing)

In the Bone Biopsy Market, Needle Biopsy holds the largest share, driven by its minimally invasive nature and effectiveness in obtaining tissue samples for diagnosis. Surgical Biopsy, while smaller in market share, shows significant potential for growth due to its ability to accurately diagnose complex bone conditions that cannot be evaluated through needle techniques. Bone Marrow Biopsy, although not highlighted as a leading segment, also plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of blood disorders related to bone health, contributing to the overall landscape of biopsy techniques in this market. The growth trends within this segment are influenced by advancements in technology and increasing awareness regarding early diagnosis of bone diseases. The rising incidence of bone cancers and other related health issues is propelling the demand for both Needle and Surgical Biopsies. Additionally, as healthcare professionals become more adept with these techniques, the efficiency and reliability of diagnoses are improving, driving adoption rates across various healthcare settings.

Needle Biopsy (Dominant) vs. Surgical Biopsy (Emerging)

Needle Biopsy has established itself as the dominant technique in the Bone Biopsy Market due to its less invasive approach and ability to minimize patient discomfort while providing adequate samples for analysis. This technique is particularly favored for its speed and lower complication rates compared to Surgical Biopsy. On the other hand, Surgical Biopsy is emerging as a key player in the market, especially for cases where comprehensive tissue analysis is needed. With its capacity to obtain larger samples and provide extensive diagnostic information, this technique is gaining traction among specialists. While Needle Biopsy remains the preferred choice for straightforward cases, the evolution of Surgical Biopsy techniques is expanding its use in more complex scenarios, creating a competitive dynamic between these two methodologies.

By Technology: CT-guided (Largest) vs. Fluoroscopy (Fastest-Growing)

The Bone Biopsy Market exhibits a prominent distribution among various technologies. CT-guided biopsy stands out as the largest segment, capturing the majority of the market share due to its precision and reliability in diagnosing bone lesions. Fluoroscopy follows, recognized for its real-time imaging capabilities which enhance procedural accuracy. Ultrasound-guided biopsies, although comparatively smaller, are gaining traction owing to factors such as reduced patient discomfort and faster recovery times. Growth trends indicate a robust interest in minimally invasive procedures, driving a shift towards ultrasound-guided and fluoroscopy techniques. Increased awareness about the effectiveness of early diagnosis in bone diseases, coupled with advancements in imaging technologies, propels the demand for CT-guided biopsies but also supports the rapid adoption of fluoroscopy as a viable alternative among healthcare providers.

Technology: CT-guided (Dominant) vs. Fluoroscopy (Emerging)

CT-guided biopsy is highly regarded in the Bone Biopsy Market for its superior accuracy and the ability to provide detailed imaging of internal structures, making it a dominant player. Its extensive application in various clinical scenarios has solidified its position. On the other hand, fluoroscopy is emerging as a faster-growing technology due to its dynamic imaging capabilities that allow real-time observation during procedures. Cost-effectiveness and the increasing preference for outpatient procedures are key factors contributing to its rise. The integration of fluoroscopy within minimally invasive techniques is enhancing its appeal, positioning it as a crucial alternative to the traditionally dominant CT-guided biopsies.

By Patient Demographics: Adult (Largest) vs. Geriatric (Fastest-Growing)

In the Bone Biopsy Market, the distribution of patient demographics reveals that the adult segment holds the largest share, primarily due to the higher prevalence of bone-related ailments in this age group. Adults face numerous conditions such as osteoporosis and cancer, leading to a significant demand for biopsy procedures. Conversely, the geriatric segment, while smaller, is the fastest-growing due to the increasing aging population and associated health issues, necessitating more diagnostic interventions.

Adult (Dominant) vs. Geriatric (Emerging)

The adult demographic stands as the dominant force in the Bone Biopsy Market, attributed to its extensive representation in clinical scenarios involving bone disorders. Often undergoing biopsies for diagnostic and treatment purposes, adults generally have more prevalent conditions, resulting in consistent demand for these procedures. Meanwhile, the geriatric population, classified as the emerging segment, is experiencing rapid growth due to an aging society facing higher incidences of bone diseases. This demographic shift is pushing healthcare providers to adapt, increasing biopsies among older adults to effectively manage and diagnose age-related health challenges.

Get more detailed insights about Bone Biopsy Market

Regional Insights

North America : Market Leader in Innovation

North America is poised to maintain its leadership in the bone biopsy market, holding a significant share of 360.0 million in 2025. The region's growth is driven by increasing incidences of bone-related diseases, advancements in biopsy technologies, and supportive regulatory frameworks. The demand for minimally invasive procedures is also on the rise, further propelling market expansion. Regulatory bodies are actively promoting innovations that enhance patient outcomes and procedural efficiency. The competitive landscape in North America is robust, featuring key players such as BD, Thermo Fisher Scientific, and Hologic. These companies are at the forefront of technological advancements, ensuring a steady supply of innovative products. The U.S. remains the leading country, supported by a well-established healthcare infrastructure and high healthcare expenditure. This environment fosters continuous research and development, solidifying North America's position as a market leader.

Europe : Emerging Market with Growth Potential

Europe's bone biopsy market is projected to reach 200.0 million by 2025, driven by an increasing prevalence of osteoporosis and cancer-related bone diseases. The region benefits from stringent regulatory standards that ensure high-quality medical devices and procedures. Additionally, the growing emphasis on early diagnosis and treatment is catalyzing demand for advanced biopsy techniques. Collaborative efforts among healthcare providers and regulatory bodies are enhancing market growth and patient access to innovative solutions. Leading countries in Europe include Germany, France, and the UK, where healthcare systems are increasingly adopting advanced technologies. The competitive landscape features companies like Hologic and Biopsybell, which are innovating to meet the rising demand. The European market is characterized by a mix of established players and emerging startups, fostering a dynamic environment for growth and innovation. "The European market is committed to enhancing patient care through innovative medical technologies," European Medical Device Regulation, European Commission.

Asia-Pacific : Rapidly Growing Market Segment

The Asia-Pacific region is witnessing significant growth in the bone biopsy market, projected to reach 130.0 million by 2025. This growth is fueled by rising healthcare expenditures, increasing awareness of bone health, and a growing aging population. Additionally, the region is experiencing a surge in the adoption of advanced medical technologies, which is enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of biopsy procedures. Regulatory support for innovative medical devices is also a key driver of market expansion. Countries like Japan, China, and India are leading the charge in this market, with Japan being a significant contributor due to its advanced healthcare infrastructure. The competitive landscape includes major players such as Olympus Corporation and local manufacturers, which are increasingly focusing on product innovation and strategic partnerships. This dynamic environment is expected to foster further growth and development in the Asia-Pacific bone biopsy market.

Middle East and Africa : Emerging Market with Challenges

The Middle East and Africa (MEA) bone biopsy market is relatively nascent, with a projected size of 30.0 million by 2025. The growth in this region is primarily driven by increasing healthcare investments and a rising prevalence of bone diseases. However, challenges such as limited access to advanced medical technologies and varying regulatory standards across countries hinder market expansion. Efforts to improve healthcare infrastructure and regulatory frameworks are essential for fostering growth in this sector. Leading countries in the MEA region include South Africa and the UAE, where healthcare systems are gradually adopting advanced biopsy techniques. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of international and local players, with companies focusing on expanding their presence in emerging markets. As healthcare access improves, the bone biopsy market in MEA is expected to gain momentum, presenting opportunities for growth and innovation.

Bone Biopsy Market Regional Image

Key Players and Competitive Insights

The Bone Biopsy Market is currently characterized by a dynamic competitive landscape, driven by advancements in technology, increasing prevalence of bone-related diseases, and a growing demand for minimally invasive procedures. Key players such as BD (US), Thermo Fisher Scientific (US), and Hologic (US) are strategically positioned to leverage these trends. BD (US) focuses on innovation in biopsy devices, emphasizing the development of advanced imaging technologies to enhance precision. Meanwhile, Thermo Fisher Scientific (US) is concentrating on expanding its product portfolio through strategic acquisitions, thereby enhancing its market presence. Hologic (US) is also investing in partnerships aimed at integrating digital solutions into its offerings, which collectively shapes a competitive environment that is increasingly reliant on technological advancements and strategic collaborations.

In terms of business tactics, companies are localizing manufacturing to reduce costs and optimize supply chains, which is particularly relevant in the context of global economic fluctuations. The market appears moderately fragmented, with several key players exerting influence over various segments. This fragmentation allows for niche players to emerge, yet the collective strength of major companies like Stryker (US) and Olympus Corporation (JP) ensures that competition remains robust and innovation-driven.

In November 2025, Stryker (US) announced the launch of a new line of bone biopsy needles designed to improve patient outcomes through enhanced ergonomics and precision. This strategic move is significant as it not only reinforces Stryker's commitment to innovation but also positions the company to capture a larger share of the market by addressing specific needs of healthcare providers. The introduction of these advanced tools is likely to enhance procedural efficiency and patient safety, thereby strengthening Stryker's competitive edge.

In October 2025, Hologic (US) entered into a partnership with a leading telehealth provider to integrate remote monitoring capabilities into its biopsy systems. This collaboration is indicative of a broader trend towards digital health solutions, suggesting that Hologic is keen on enhancing patient engagement and streamlining workflows for healthcare professionals. Such strategic alliances may prove crucial in adapting to the evolving landscape of healthcare delivery, where remote capabilities are increasingly valued.

In September 2025, Thermo Fisher Scientific (US) completed the acquisition of a European-based diagnostics company specializing in molecular imaging technologies. This acquisition is pivotal as it not only expands Thermo Fisher's technological capabilities but also enhances its competitive positioning in the European market. By integrating these advanced imaging technologies, the company is likely to offer more comprehensive solutions in the bone biopsy segment, thereby appealing to a broader customer base.

As of December 2025, the Bone Biopsy Market is witnessing trends that emphasize digitalization, sustainability, and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into diagnostic processes. Strategic alliances are increasingly shaping the competitive landscape, allowing companies to pool resources and expertise. The shift from price-based competition to a focus on innovation and technology is evident, as companies strive to differentiate themselves through advanced solutions and reliable supply chains. Looking ahead, it appears that competitive differentiation will increasingly hinge on the ability to innovate and adapt to technological advancements, rather than merely competing on price.

Key Companies in the Bone Biopsy Market include

Industry Developments

    • In May 2022, Argon Medical partnered with Terumo India to provide medical products including guide wires, IVC filters and retrievals, bone and soft tissue biopsy needles, and other products in India. This gives an opportunity for Argon Medical to expand its product portfolio.
    • In April 2018, Merit Medical Systems launched Madison and Huntington Bone Biopsy Market Systems. The Madison product features include a trocar-tip stylet that can be created through the cannula to support initial bone entry. The Huntington is designed with a tri-angled tip and longitudinal groove that both provides accuracy even in diagonal approaches and functions as a collection channel for tissue evacuation upon first contact in hard bone procedures and sclerotic lesions.

Future Outlook

Bone Biopsy Market Future Outlook

The Bone Biopsy Market is projected to grow at a 5.49% CAGR from 2024 to 2035, driven by technological advancements, increasing prevalence of bone diseases, and rising demand for minimally invasive procedures.

New opportunities lie in:

  • Development of advanced imaging techniques for precise biopsy localization.
  • Expansion of telemedicine platforms for remote consultation and follow-up.
  • Introduction of biodegradable biopsy needles to enhance patient safety and comfort.

By 2035, the Bone Biopsy Market is expected to achieve substantial growth, reflecting evolving healthcare needs.

Market Segmentation

Bone Biopsy Market End Use Outlook

  • Hospitals
  • Diagnostic Laboratories
  • Research Institutions

Bone Biopsy Market Technology Outlook

  • Fluoroscopy
  • CT-guided
  • Ultrasound-guided

Bone Biopsy Market Application Outlook

  • Diagnostic
  • Therapeutic
  • Research

Bone Biopsy Market Type of Biopsy Outlook

  • Needle Biopsy
  • Surgical Biopsy
  • Bone Marrow Biopsy

Bone Biopsy Market Patient Demographics Outlook

  • Pediatric
  • Adult
  • Geriatric

Report Scope

MARKET SIZE 2024720.0(USD Million)
MARKET SIZE 2025759.53(USD Million)
MARKET SIZE 20351296.15(USD Million)
COMPOUND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE (CAGR)5.49% (2024 - 2035)
REPORT COVERAGERevenue Forecast, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, and Trends
BASE YEAR2024
Market Forecast Period2025 - 2035
Historical Data2019 - 2024
Market Forecast UnitsUSD Million
Key Companies ProfiledBD (US), Thermo Fisher Scientific (US), Hologic (US), Merit Medical Systems (US), Cook Medical (US), Cardinal Health (US), Stryker (US), Olympus Corporation (JP), Biopsybell (FR)
Segments CoveredApplication, End Use, Type of Biopsy, Technology, Patient Demographics
Key Market OpportunitiesAdvancements in minimally invasive techniques enhance patient outcomes in the Bone Biopsy Market.
Key Market DynamicsTechnological advancements and regulatory changes drive innovation and competition in the Bone Biopsy Market.
Countries CoveredNorth America, Europe, APAC, South America, MEA

Market Highlights

Author
Kinjoll Dey
Research Analyst Level I

He is an extremely curious individual currently working in Healthcare and Medical Devices Domain. Kinjoll is comfortably versed in data centric research backed by healthcare educational background. He leverages extensive data mining and analytics tools such as Primary and Secondary Research, Statistical Analysis, Machine Learning, Data Modelling. His key role also involves Technical Sales Support, Client Interaction and Project management within the Healthcare team. Lastly, he showcases extensive affinity towards learning new skills and remain fascinated in implementing them.

Leave a Comment

FAQs

What is the expected growth rate of the global bone biopsy market?

Global bone biopsy market is expected to expand at 5.49% CAGR from 2024-2032.

What is the valuation of the global bone biopsy market?

bone biopsy market can touch USD 1.11 Billion by 2032.

What is the major driver of the global bone biopsy market?

Rising prevalence of bone cancer is the primary driver of the global bone biopsy market.

What is the restraining factor of the global bone biopsy market?

Recall of products and strict regulatory policies are factors expected to impede the global gastric bypass market growth.

Which region can dominate in the global bone biopsy market?

The Americas is expected to dominate in the global bone biopsy market till 2032 due to high prevalence of bone cancer.

Who are the prominent players of the global bone biopsy market?

GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, Cook, Kimal, Remington Medical, ARGON MEDICAL, BD, B. Braun Melsungen AG, Ranfac Corp., and MERMAID MEDICAL A/S are prominent players of the global bone biopsy market.

Download Free Sample

Kindly complete the form below to receive a free sample of this Report

Compare Licence

×
Features License Type
Single User Multiuser License Enterprise User
Price $4,950 $5,950 $7,250
Maximum User Access Limit 1 User Upto 10 Users Unrestricted Access Throughout the Organization
Free Customization
Direct Access to Analyst
Deliverable Format
Platform Access
Discount on Next Purchase 10% 15% 15%
Printable Versions