# Compression Therapy Market

> Compression Therapy Market Research Report: Size, Share, Trend Analysis By Product Type (Compression Garments, Compression Bandages, Compression Pumps, Compression Hosiery), By Applications (Chronic Venous Insufficiency, Lymphedema, Sports Injuries, Post-Surgical Recovery), By End Users (Hospitals, Ambulatory Surgical Centers, Home Care Settings, Rehabilitation Centers), By Distribution Channel (Online Pharmacies, Retail Pharmacies, Hospital Pharmacies, Medical Supply Stores) and By Regional (North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa) - Growth Outlook & Industry Forecast 2025 To 2035

- **Forecast Period:** 2026-2035
- **CAGR:** 5.3%
- **2025:** USD 4.61 Billion
- **2035:** USD 7.70 Billion
- **Key Players:** Essity AB (JOBST, BSN Medical), medi GmbH & Co. KG, SIGVARIS Group, Paul Hartmann AG, 3M / Solventum, ConvaTec Group PLC, Tactile Systems Technology, Arjo AB

**Report ID:** MRFR/Pharma/5719-HCR · **Pages:** 90 · **Author:** Rahul Gotadki & Satyendra Maurya · **Last Updated:** September 15, 2026

**URL:** https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/compression-therapy-market-7185

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## Market Summary

Global Compression Therapy Market Size was valued at USD 3,900.55 Million in 2024 & the market is projected to grow from USD 4,111.97 Million in 2025 to USD 6,970.91 Million by 2035, registering a CAGR of 5.42% during the forecast period 2025–2035. North America led the market with over 49.99% share, generating around USD 1,950 Million in revenue.
 
The rising prevalence of chronic venous disorders, lymphedema, and edema is a major growth driver for the Compression Therapy Market. Increasing awareness of early intervention, coupled with growing adoption of non-invasive treatment approaches, is accelerating demand for advanced compression therapy products globally.
 
According to the WHO, the global population aged 60 years and older is expected to reach 2.1 billion by 2050, significantly increasing the number of individuals susceptible to venous and lymphatic disorders that commonly require compression therapy management.

## Market Drivers

## Driver Impact Analysis

| Driver | ~% Impact on CAGR | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aging populations and chronic venous insufficiency prevalence | ~1.3 pp | Global | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [7] |
| Medicare lymphedema benefit expansion | ~0.9 pp | North America | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [1] |
| Shift of care delivery into the home | ~0.8 pp | NA, Europe | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [8] |
| Hospital DVT prophylaxis mandates | ~0.7 pp | Global | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [9] |
| Sports recovery and preventive wellness adoption | ~0.6 pp | NA, Europe, APAC | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [10] |
| Asia-Pacific hospital infrastructure investment | ~0.6 pp | Asia-Pacific | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [6] |
| Smart textiles and adherence telemetry | ~0.5 pp | NA, Europe, Japan | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [3] |

### Demographic Load on Venous and Lymphatic Care

About 25% of persons in industrialized nations suffer from chronic venous illness, and the prevalence increases dramatically beyond age 65 [[7]](https://jvsvenous.org). The addressable patient pool grows more quickly than overall healthcare spending, with the OECD predicting that the over-65 generation will account for 27% of the population across member states by 2035. The annual cost of bandaging and clothing replacement for each diagnosed venous ulcer patient ranges from USD 480 to USD 720, turning demographic drift into recurrent, high-visibility income.

### Reimbursement as a Demand Switch

Clinical innovation has less of an impact on this market than coverage decisions. With CMS allocating over USD 1.6 billion over 10 years, the [Lymphedema Treatment](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/lymphedema-treatment-market-8440) Act, which went into effect in January 2024, expanded Part B reimbursement to both daytime and nocturnal compression devices [[1]](https://cms.gov). Within two quarters, suppliers reported an increase in their order books. Similar reasoning applies to Germany's Hilfsmittelverzeichnis, which uses statutory sickness funds to pay for two to four clothing replacements per patient annually [[11]](https://gkv-spitzenverband.de).

### Hospital Prophylaxis Protocols

Venous thromboembolism remains a leading cause of preventable in-hospital death, and Joint Commission surveillance metrics now track prophylaxis compliance at the procedure level [[9]](https://jointcommission.org). Intermittent pneumatic devices are the default for patients contraindicated for anticoagulants, which locks a consumable-plus-capital purchase pattern into surgical departments. Roughly 61% of U.S. tertiary hospitals refreshed pump fleets between 2022 and 2025.

### Home Care Migration

Payers are actively relocating chronic wound and lymphedema management out of clinics. U.S. home health agency episodes involving compression rose an estimated 18% between 2022 and 2025 [[8]](https://aspe.hhs.gov). That migration favours lightweight, patient-operable systems with remote pressure logging, and it rewards manufacturers who can service direct-to-patient fulfilment rather than hospital tenders alone.

## Restraints

## Restraints Impact Analysis

Restraint weightings reflect estimated drag on growth momentum and are directional rather than additive. Each value represents the modelled deceleration attributable to that factor in isolation, holding drivers constant.

| Restraint | ~% Impact on CAGR | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Patient non-adherence to daily wear regimens | ~-0.7 pp | Global | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [12] |
| Tender-based price erosion in European procurement | ~-0.5 pp | Europe | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [11] |
| Low diagnosis rates in emerging economies | ~-0.5 pp | APAC, MEA, South America | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [13] |
| EU MDR recertification cost burden | ~-0.4 pp | Europe | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [2] |
| Low-cost import competition in consumer channels | ~-0.3 pp | Global | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [14] |

### The Adherence Problem

When patients cease using the product, the clinical benefit vanishes. According to published adherence studies, long-term compliance with recommended venous garments ranges from 37% to 52%, with heat discomfort and difficulty donning being the most often mentioned factors [[12]](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com). Inadequate compliance diminishes the data that payers require, reduces replacement cycles, and provides commissioners reason to doubt value. This ceiling is being actively challenged by manufacturers who invest in breathable knit constructions and donning aids.

### Procurement Pressure in Europe

Consolidated and unsentimental purchases are made in Europe. Since 2022, national bids in the Netherlands and the Nordics have reduced the cost of clothing per unit by 8–12%, while Germany's set reimbursement levels cap upside even in cases where clinical demand increases [[11]](https://gkv-spitzenverband.de). When volume increases, margin does not increase proportionately. In response, vendors shift the mix to include pumps and specialty flat-knit goods that are not included in commoditized tender categories.

### Diagnosis Gaps Outside Mature Markets

Awareness, not affordability, is the binding constraint across much of Asia and Africa. Fewer than one in five symptomatic chronic venous insufficiency cases in India receive formal grading and prescription, according to hospital-based screening cohorts [[13]](https://icmr.gov.in). Without primary-care detection pathways, distributor networks reach only tertiary urban centres, leaving the addressable base of the Compression Therapy Market materially under-penetrated.

## Opportunities

## Compression Therapy Market Opportunities

### Connected Pressure Verification

Devices that log applied pressure and wear duration convert an unverifiable therapy into an auditable one. In Minnesota and the Netherlands, payers experimenting with outcomes-linked contracts have indicated their readiness to finance premium units in cases where adherence data is available [[8]](https://aspe.hhs.gov). Vendors that supply sensor-embedded sleeves position themselves for value-based tenders that pure-fabric competitors cannot bid on.

### Emerging-Market Primary Care Entry

Between 2021 and 2025, Vietnam, Indonesia, and India added more than 1,400 secondary-care hospitals [[6]](https://adb.org). The price ceiling is lowered, but volume is increased when entering through nurse-led wound clinics as opposed to vascular surgery departments. Localized production in Guangdong and Tamil Nadu can reduce landed costs by 22–28%, making Class 1 and Class 2 clothing affordable at out-of-pocket prices.

### Recovery and Performance Channels

Athletic recovery has legitimised pneumatic compression devices with consumers who have no clinical diagnosis. Direct-to-consumer recovery hardware generated an estimated USD 410 million globally in 2025 and carries gross margins roughly 900 basis points above hospital tender pricing [[10]](https://cta.tech). The channel also builds brand familiarity that later converts into clinical purchase decisions.

### Data Monetisation and Subscription Models

Wear-time and pressure datasets have value beyond the individual patient. Manufacturers can license de-identified adherence cohorts to payers for actuarial modelling, or bundle garments into subscription replacement plans priced at USD 28–45 monthly. Recurring revenue smooths the lumpy capital cycle that has historically characterised pump sales.

### Post-Oncology Lymphedema Pathways

Breast cancer survivorship programmes increasingly build compression into standard follow-up. With survivorship populations growing roughly 3% annually and 20–30% of axillary node dissection patients developing secondary lymphedema, oncology centres represent a structurally expanding, protocol-driven purchaser [[15]](https://lymphaticnetwork.org).

## Future Outlook

## Compression Therapy Market Future Outlook

### Sensor-Native Therapy Becomes Standard

By 2032, pressure-sensing components will likely ship in a majority of premium garments rather than as an add-on. Miniaturised piezoresistive sensors have fallen below USD 3 per unit at volume, removing the cost barrier that kept telemetry confined to pumps [[3]](https://Consolidated%20filings). Clinical value follows directly: verified pressure gradients let clinicians distinguish therapy failure from non-adherence, which has been impossible at scale until now.

### Reimbursement Shifts Toward Outcomes

Payers are moving from paying for items to paying for healed ulcers. Pilot bundled-payment arrangements covering venous leg ulcer episodes have emerged in the Netherlands and among two U.S. integrated delivery networks, with per-episode rates near USD 2,900 [[8]](https://aspe.hhs.gov). Vendors able to evidence healing rates will capture share from those competing only on catalogue price.

### Manufacturing Localisation and Trade Exposure

Tariff volatility and MDR compliance costs are pushing production closer to demand. Roughly 68% of global compression textile output currently originates in Germany, Italy, and China, a concentration that proved fragile during 2021–2022 freight disruption [[14]](https://worldbank.org). Expect regional knitting capacity in Mexico, India, and Poland to expand through 2030.

### Sustainability Enters Procurement Scoring

European public tenders increasingly weight recyclability and carbon disclosure. Elastane-blended medical textiles are difficult to recycle, and manufacturers are piloting mono-material knits and take-back schemes ahead of the EU's Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation phase-in [[19]](https://commission.europa.eu). The Compression Therapy Market will see sustainability credentials move from marketing claim to tender qualification criterion within this decade.

## Segment Insights

## Compression Therapy Market Segmentation

### By Technology

Static systems still define the Compression Therapy Market, but dynamic platforms capture the incremental spend.

| Segment | Metric (2025) | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Static Compression Therapy | 63.0% share | Clinical familiarity, low unit cost, broad reimbursement |
| Dynamic Compression Therapy | 6.1% CAGR (2026–2035) | Programmable pressure cycling, home and sports adoption |

Static therapy — stockings, wraps, and bandage systems — holds its position because it is cheap, prescribable by nurses, and clinically proven across decades of ulcer healing trials. Its weakness is dependence on correct application and patient persistence. Dynamic systems solve both problems mechanically, delivering reproducible gradients without technique variability, and their growth is concentrated where reimbursement now permits at-home use.

### By Product

Product mix within the Compression Therapy Market is migrating toward higher-value hardware.

| Segment | Metric (2025) | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Compression Garments | USD 2.23 Billion | Chronic venous insufficiency, post-thrombotic syndrome |
| Compression Pumps | 5.9% CAGR (2026–2035) | Home lymphedema management, DVT prophylaxis |
| Compression Braces | 18.4% share | Orthopaedic recovery, sports rehabilitation |

Garments dominate on volume and replacement frequency — most prescribed patients need two to four pairs annually. Pumps dominate on revenue per patient, with home units priced between USD 1,200 and USD 4,800 depending on chamber count and programmability. The reimbursement change of 2024 shifted pump economics from capital-constrained clinic purchases to insured individual placements, which is precisely why the segment outpaces the market.

### By Application

Clinical indication determines pricing power across the Compression Therapy Market.

| Segment | Metric (2025) | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Venous Leg Ulcers | 31.7% share | Highest evidence base, wound care protocols |
| Deep Vein Thrombosis Treatment | USD 1.13 Billion | Surgical prophylaxis mandates |
| Lymphedema Treatment | 6.0% CAGR (2026–2035) | Coverage expansion, oncology survivorship |
| Varicose Veins | 13.5% share | Post-procedural compression standard of care |
| Other Applications | USD 0.34 Billion | Sports recovery, travel prophylaxis, burns |

Venous leg ulcers remain the therapeutic anchor because compression is first-line therapy, not adjunct. Lymphedema is the growth story: patient populations are well-defined, disease is lifelong, and reimbursement has only recently caught up with clinical consensus. Where lymphedema compression wraps were once purchased out of pocket, coverage now converts intermittent purchases into structured replacement cycles.

### By End User

| Segment | Metric (2025) | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hospitals | 38.1% share | Prophylaxis protocols, surgical volumes |
| Specialty Clinics | USD 1.22 Billion | Vascular and wound care centres |
| Home Care | 6.3% CAGR (2026–2035) | Payer-driven care relocation |
| Others | 9.6% share | Long-term care, sports facilities |

With a 38.1% market share in 2025, the hospitals segment led the industry thanks to large surgery volumes and well-established prophylactic policies that consistently boost demand for compression therapy devices. The Home Care segment, on the other hand, is expected to grow at the fastest rate, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.3% between 2026 and 2035. This growth will be fueled by the relocation of payer-led care, the growing demand for home-based chronic wound and lymphedema management, and the increasing use of patient-operable compression systems. Through long-term care, sports-related applications, and vascular and wound care services, specialty clinics and other end users also contribute to market demand.

## Regional Market Share Analysis

## Regional Market Share Analysis

| Region | Metric (2025) | Primary Investment Themes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| North America | 37.7% share | Lymphedema benefit rollout, home health fulfilment |
| Europe | USD 1.27 Billion | MDR-compliant portfolios, statutory aid schedules |
| Asia-Pacific | 6.1% CAGR (2026–2035) | Hospital build-out, localised manufacturing |
| South America | 5.6% share | Private insurance expansion, Brazil tender reform |
| Middle East & Africa | USD 0.20 Billion | Diabetic wound programmes, GCC hospital capex |
| Total | USD 4.61 Billion | — |

Regional performance in the Compression Therapy Market splits along reimbursement maturity rather than income alone. Countries with codified aid schedules generate predictable replacement demand; those without rely on episodic hospital procurement.

### North America

| Country | Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| US | 86.4% share of region | Medicare Part B lymphedema coverage [1] |
| Canada | USD 0.16 Billion | Provincial assistive device programmes |
| Mexico | 5.8% CAGR | IMSS vascular clinic expansion |

Reimbursement policy did the heavy lifting here. Within eighteen months of the Lymphedema Treatment Act taking effect, durable medical equipment suppliers reported claim volumes for compression items rising above internal forecasts, and several regional distributors expanded fitting-technician headcount [[1]](https://cms.gov). Canada's picture is patchier — Ontario's Assistive Devices Program funds up to 75% of garment cost while several provinces fund nothing — which keeps national penetration below U.S. levels despite comparable disease prevalence.

### Europe

| Country | Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Germany | 24.1% share of region | Statutory sickness fund aid schedule [11] |
| UK | USD 0.19 Billion | NHS lower-limb wound pathway redesign [16] |
| France | 15.8% share of region | LPPR reimbursement listings |
| Italy | 4.9% CAGR | Regional vascular screening programmes |
| Spain | USD 0.09 Billion | Public hospital tender cycles |
| Nordic Countries | 5.1% CAGR | Centralised procurement, high adherence rates |
| Russia | USD 0.05 Billion | Domestic textile substitution |
| Rest of Europe | 9.4% share of region | Gradual MDR-driven supplier consolidation |

Britain's National [Wound Care](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/wound-care-market-926) Strategy Programme reframed lower-limb ulceration as a systemic cost problem, estimating annual NHS spend on wound care above GBP 8.3 billion and pushing compression to earlier points in the pathway [[16]](https://nhs.uk). Germany's model differs in kind rather than degree: fixed aid amounts guarantee access but compress vendor margins, which is why premium flat-knit and made-to-measure lines now carry the profit weight of German portfolios.

### Asia-Pacific

| Country | Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| China | 33.6% share of region | Tertiary hospital vascular department growth |
| India | 6.9% CAGR | Ayushman Bharat secondary-care coverage [6] |
| Japan | USD 0.24 Billion | Aging population, national health insurance listing |
| South Korea | 8.1% share of region | Post-surgical prophylaxis protocols |
| ASEAN | 6.4% CAGR | Private hospital chain expansion |
| Rest of Asia-Pacific | USD 0.07 Billion | Distributor network build-out |

China's National Medical Products Administration streamlined Class II registration for compression devices in 2023, cutting median approval timelines by roughly four months and lowering the entry cost for foreign manufacturers [[17]](https://nmpa.gov.cn). India's growth rests on a different mechanism — public insurance coverage reaching populations that previously paid out of pocket — and its price ceiling remains roughly 40% below Japanese equivalents, which pushes vendors toward local assembly.

### South America

| Country | Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Brazil | 58.7% share of region | SUS wound care protocols, ANVISA registrations |
| Argentina | USD 0.04 Billion | Private health plan coverage |
| Rest of South America | 5.4% CAGR | Chile and Colombia hospital modernisation |

Brazil anchors the region through sheer scale and a public system that formally recognises compression in diabetic and venous ulcer protocols. Currency volatility remains the practical obstacle: import-dependent pricing has swung double digits year to year, prompting Essity and local converters to expand São Paulo-area production. Argentina's demand is real but constrained by import licensing and inflation-indexed reimbursement lags.

### Middle East & Africa

| Country | Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Saudi Arabia | 31.2% share of region | Vision 2030 hospital capex programme |
| UAE | USD 0.05 Billion | Medical tourism, private hospital density |
| South Africa | 6.2% CAGR | Diabetic foot ulcer prevention initiatives |
| Egypt | 9.8% share of region | Universal health insurance rollout |
| Rest of MEA | USD 0.04 Billion | Donor-funded wound care programmes |

Gulf states buy differently from the rest of the region. Saudi Arabia's Health Sector Transformation Program allocated substantial capital to specialty hospital construction, and vascular units commissioned since 2023 procure pump fleets alongside imaging at project handover [[18]](https://moh.gov.sa). Sub-Saharan demand, by contrast, concentrates in diabetic foot programmes where bandaging systems compete on cost per treatment week rather than device sophistication.

## Competitive Benchmarking

## Competitive Benchmarking

Concentration sits in the moderate band, with an estimated HHI near 900 and a top-five combined share around 44–48%. No single firm approaches dominance, and the long tail of regional knitters keeps the Compression Therapy Market competitive at the commodity end. Differentiation increasingly rests on made-to-measure capability, fitter networks, and regulatory readiness under MDR rather than raw manufacturing scale.

| Company | Est. Revenue Share Range | Key Offerings for Compression Therapy Market | Strategic Positioning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Essity AB (JOBST, BSN Medical) | ~13–16% | Ready-to-wear and custom garments, bandage systems | Broadest global footprint; wound care adjacency |
| medi GmbH & Co. KG | ~9–12% | Flat-knit and circular-knit garments, donning aids | Premium custom lymphology specialist |
| SIGVARIS Group | ~7–10% | Medical and lifestyle graduated stockings | Fitter-network strength in NA and Europe |
| Paul Hartmann AG | ~6–9% | Multi-layer bandage kits, wound compression | Hospital tender depth across DACH |
| 3M / Solventum | ~5–8% | Coban compression systems, wound consumables | Post spin-off healthcare focus |
| ConvaTec Group PLC | ~4–7% | Wound and compression bandaging portfolio | Advanced wound care integration |
| Tactile Systems Technology | ~4–6% | Flexitouch, Entre pneumatic systems | Home lymphedema reimbursement specialist |
| Arjo AB | ~3–5% | Flowtron DVT prophylaxis systems | Acute-care capital equipment channel |
| Julius Zorn GmbH (Juzo) | ~3–5% | Custom flat-knit garments, lymphology range | Made-to-measure manufacturing depth |
| Enovis (DJO) | ~2–4% | Orthopaedic braces, VenaFlow prophylaxis | Orthopaedic and post-surgical crossover |
| Cardinal Health | ~2–4% | Distributed compression consumables | Distribution and private-label scale |
| Bio Compression Systems | ~1–3% | Sequential gradient pump systems | Value-priced pump alternative |

## Recent News & Developments

## Recent News & Developments

- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (January 2024): Part B reimbursement for lymphedema compression items took effect, extending coverage to roughly 3 million beneficiaries and reshaping U.S. demand economics overnight [[1]](https://cms.gov)
- 3M (April 2024): Completed the spin-off of its healthcare business as Solventum, giving the Coban compression franchise standalone capital allocation and sharper category focus [[20]](https://sec.gov)

- National Health Service England (November 2024): Extended the National Wound Care Strategy lower-limb pathway to further integrated care boards, standardising early compression initiation [[16]](https://nhs.uk)

## Report Scope

| Parameter | Detail |
| --- | --- |
| Market Scope | Global market for static and dynamic compression products across garments, pumps, braces, and bandage systems |
| Study Period | 2021–2035 (Historical 2021–2024; Base Year 2025; Forecast 2026–2035) |
| CAGR | 5.3% (2026–2035) |
| Market Size Checkpoints | USD 4.61 Billion (2025); USD 4.84 Billion (2026); USD 6.28 Billion (2031); USD 7.70 Billion (2035) |
| Fastest Growing Segments | Dynamic Compression Therapy; Compression Pumps; Lymphedema Treatment; Home Care; Asia-Pacific |
| Companies Profiled | 12 leading manufacturers and distributors across acute, clinic, and home channels |
| Valuation Currency | USD Billion, constant 2025 terms |

## Frequently Asked Questions

**Q: What procurement criteria matter most when hospitals evaluate suppliers in the Compression Therapy Market?**
A: Fitter availability and turnaround on custom orders outweigh unit price in tertiary settings. Buyers also weigh MDR or FDA documentation completeness, since non-compliant SKUs create supply interruptions mid-contract [2].

**Q: How does made-to-measure production affect supplier margins?**
A: Custom flat-knit garments carry gross margins roughly 15–20 percentage points above ready-to-wear lines. The trade-off is longer lead times and dependence on trained measurement networks that competitors cannot quickly replicate [11].

**Q: What integration challenges arise when adding connected devices to hospital IT environments?**
A: Pressure-logging systems must clear cybersecurity review and interface with electronic health records, which typically adds four to nine months to deployment. Facilities without HL7 or FHIR middleware often defer purchases entirely [9].

**Q: Is there meaningful patent protection in the Compression Therapy Market?**
A: Protection concentrates in pump control algorithms and knit-structure engineering rather than the therapy itself. Garment designs are largely unprotectable, which is why consumer-channel imitation is rapid and margins there compress quickly [14].

**Q: How should investors assess distribution risk in this sector?**
A: Direct-to-patient billing capability is the differentiator. Manufacturers reliant on third-party durable medical equipment intermediaries surrender both margin and adherence data, weakening their position as payers move toward outcomes-linked contracts [8].

**Q: What regulatory nuance affects sports recovery products?**
A: Devices marketed for athletic recovery without medical claims avoid clinical device pathways, but claim language triggers regulatory classification. Several vendors have restructured marketing copy to stay outside device jurisdiction [10].

**Q: Which emerging use cases could expand the Compression Therapy Market beyond current indications?**
A: Post-bariatric surgery edema management and orthostatic intolerance protocols are gaining clinical traction. Both involve defined patient populations with recurring needs, though neither yet has broad reimbursement coding [15].


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