Geographic Tongue: Predictions on the Future

Geographic Tongue Market Overview   

Geographic Tongue (GT) is an oral condition located on the tongue that has benign features of red, smooth patches with white or light-colored borders that result on the tongue. These tongue patches that resemble a map are termed “geographic." Despite being visually concerning, GT is harmless, non-contagious, and only mildly uncomfortable in some cases. 

Causes and Characteristics   

Until now, the causes of geographic tongue are still unknown. Changes in the epithelium of the tongue may be the source of atrophy, patches, and hyperkeratosis. Some other possible causes may be genetic, allergies, hormonal and even stress, as well as nutritional deficiencies, particularly iron and vitamin B. 

All ages, men, and women are able to be diagnosed with the geographic tongue condition, predominantly younger adults, and an estimated worldwide occurrence is 4-5%, without regard to ethnicity. 

Symptoms and Patterns   

Geographic tongue is painless in most cases and is diagnosed primarily during other routine examinations. However, some individuals may experience pain that is burning, itching and sores, particularly triggered by spicy, acid and hot food. The patches that are on the tongue can change as patches may disappear, appear, and reappear frequently in different spots.

The tongue may have smooth, reddish sections and white- or gray-tinged, slightly raised contours. These patches may be different sizes and shapes, causing the tongue to have a shiny “map-like” texture. In rare cases, the patches can affect the gums and the inner cheeks as well. 

The method of diagnosing this condition is mostly clinical, based on the tongue's characteristic look. A physician or dentist can take the medical history of the patient and complete a physical inspection. A patient would only have a biopsy or imaging if the condition was in doubt or to eliminate the possibility of an infection, lichen planus, or oral cancer. 

There is no need to target any treatment for a benign condition like geographic tongue. Patients in pain may be prescribed corticosteroids to be applied to the affected site, mouth rinses with antihistamines, or other vitamin treatment as palliation. Symptoms can be lessened by good oral hygiene and avoidance of trigger foods as well.

Future Outlook 

Even though geographic tongue isn’t dangerous to your health, studies continue to look into its possible genetic and immunological components and factors. As improvements continue to be made in the field of oral health and diagnostics, the prioritization and tailoring of early GT detection and management will most likely become standard. In the years to come, the value of geographic tongue will gain recognition, and it will be better understood, thanks to advances in awareness, research, and understanding.