×
Request Free Sample ×
Algorithm Trading Market Research Report - Global Forecast till 2035 Infographic

Kindly complete the form below to receive a free sample of this Report

* Please use a valid business email

Leading companies partner with us for data-driven Insights

clients tt-cursor
Hero Background

Algorithm Trading Market

ID: MRFR/ICT/6544-HCR
200 Pages
Aarti Dhapte
October 2025

Algorithm Trading Market Size, Share and Trends Analysis Research Report By Strategy (Statistical Arbitrage, Trend Following, Market Making, Mean Reversion), By Deployment Mode (On-Premise, Cloud-Based), By Trading Type (Equities, Forex, Commodities, Derivatives), By End User (Institutional Investors, Hedge Funds, Retail Investors) and By Regional (North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa) - Forecast to 2035

Share:
Download PDF ×

We do not share your information with anyone. However, we may send you emails based on your report interest from time to time. You may contact us at any time to opt-out.

Algorithm Trading Market Infographic
×
Algorithm Trading Market Infographic Full View
Purchase Options
Compare License
Summary Table of Contents Segmentation Download PDF

Algorithm Trading Market Summary

As per MRFR analysis, the Algorithm Trading Market Size was estimated at 18.02 USD Billion in 2024. The Algorithm Trading industry is projected to grow from 20.17 USD Billion in 2025 to 62.19 USD Billion by 2035, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.92 during the forecast period 2025 - 2035.

Key Market Trends & Highlights

The Algorithm Trading Market is experiencing robust growth driven by technological advancements and evolving regulatory landscapes.

  • The rise of Artificial Intelligence in trading is reshaping strategies across the market.
  • North America remains the largest market, while Asia-Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region.
  • High-Frequency Trading continues to dominate, whereas Statistical Arbitrage is witnessing rapid growth.
  • Advancements in machine learning and the growing demand for high-frequency trading are key drivers of market expansion.

Market Size & Forecast

2024 Market Size 18.02 (USD Billion)
2035 Market Size 62.19 (USD Billion)
CAGR (2025 - 2035) 11.92%

Major Players

Citadel Securities (US), Jane Street (US), Two Sigma Investments (US), DRW Trading (US), Jump Trading (US), IMC Trading (NL), Optiver (NL), Hudson River Trading (US), CQS (GB)

Algorithm Trading Market Trends

The Algorithm Trading Market is currently experiencing a transformative phase characterized by rapid technological advancements and evolving market dynamics. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into trading strategies appears to enhance decision-making processes, allowing for more precise and timely trades. Furthermore, the increasing availability of vast datasets enables traders to develop sophisticated algorithms that can analyze market trends and execute trades with remarkable speed. This evolution suggests a shift towards more automated trading systems, which may lead to greater efficiency and reduced human error in trading activities. In addition, regulatory frameworks are adapting to the growing influence of algorithmic trading. Authorities are likely to implement measures aimed at ensuring market integrity and protecting investors. This regulatory landscape may influence how firms develop and deploy their trading algorithms, potentially leading to increased transparency and accountability. As the Algorithm Trading Market continues to evolve, it is essential for stakeholders to remain vigilant and adaptable to these changes, as they could significantly impact trading strategies and market behavior in the near future.

Rise of Artificial Intelligence in Trading

The incorporation of artificial intelligence into trading strategies is becoming increasingly prevalent. AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and execute trades at speeds unattainable by human traders. This trend suggests a move towards more intelligent trading systems that can adapt to changing market conditions.

Regulatory Developments

As algorithmic trading grows, regulatory bodies are likely to enhance oversight to ensure fair practices. New regulations may focus on transparency and risk management, influencing how firms design and implement their trading algorithms. This trend indicates a shift towards a more structured trading environment.

Increased Focus on Data Security

With the rise of algorithmic trading, concerns regarding data security are becoming more pronounced. Firms are likely to invest in advanced cybersecurity measures to protect sensitive trading algorithms and data from potential breaches. This trend highlights the importance of safeguarding proprietary information in a competitive market.

Algorithm Trading Market Drivers

Technological Advancements

The Global Algorithm Trading Market Industry is propelled by rapid technological advancements in computing power and data analytics. Innovations in artificial intelligence and machine learning facilitate the development of sophisticated trading algorithms that can analyze vast amounts of data in real-time. These technologies enable traders to execute strategies with greater precision and speed, thereby enhancing profitability. As of 2024, the market is valued at 9.58 USD Billion, reflecting a growing reliance on technology in trading practices. The continuous evolution of technology suggests that the market will likely expand further, driven by the demand for more efficient trading solutions.

Market Segment Insights

By Application: High-Frequency Trading (Largest) vs. Statistical Arbitrage (Fastest-Growing)

In the Algorithm Trading Market, High-Frequency Trading (HFT) has secured the largest market share due to its widespread adoption by institutional investors and hedge funds seeking to capitalize on minute price discrepancies in the market. The other applications, including Algorithmic Execution, Market Making, Statistical Arbitrage, and Portfolio Management, each play significant roles and contribute to an increasingly multifaceted trading landscape, yet none have surpassed the volume and frequency achieved by HFT.

High-Frequency Trading (Dominant) vs. Statistical Arbitrage (Emerging)

High-Frequency Trading dominates the Algorithm Trading Market, characterized by its ultra-fast execution of orders and reliance on advanced algorithms to generate profits from small price movements within milliseconds. Its dominance is underscored by the extensive technological infrastructure required, allowing trading firms to operate in and out of positions swiftly. On the other hand, Statistical Arbitrage is emerging as a significant player by exploiting pricing inefficiencies through statistical models. This strategy benefits from machine learning advancements, enabling traders to process massive data sets effectively and identify trends that can yield substantial returns in volatile markets.

By Trading Strategy: Trend Following (Largest) vs. Mean Reversion (Fastest-Growing)

In the Algorithm Trading Market, the 'Trend Following' strategy holds the largest market share. This approach capitalizes on existing market trends, allowing traders to capture upward or downward movements. Meanwhile, 'Mean Reversion' strategies are gaining traction and are recognized as the fastest-growing segment. Traders implementing mean reversion tactics look for price swings and leverage statistical methods to predict reversals, making it increasingly popular among both institutional and retail investors. The growth of the algorithm trading segment is primarily driven by advancements in technology and data analytics. The emergence of big data and machine learning has enhanced the capabilities of trading algorithms, allowing them to process vast amounts of information and identify trading opportunities quickly. Additionally, the acceptance of algorithmic trading by traditional financial institutions has also boosted its market presence, indicating a robust future for these trading strategies.

Trend Following: Dominant vs. Mean Reversion: Emerging

Trend Following is a dominant strategy in the Algorithm Trading Market, characterized by its ability to capitalize on established market movements. Traders employing this strategy often utilize technical indicators to identify trends, making it effective in both upward and downward markets. On the other hand, Mean Reversion is emerging as a particularly appealing strategy, especially in volatile markets. It operates under the premise that prices will revert to their historical averages, which can lead to lucrative opportunities for traders who can accurately identify overbought or oversold conditions. As market conditions evolve, both strategies exhibit unique characteristics that cater to diverse trading objectives, appealing to a wide spectrum of market participants.

By Market Type: Equity Market (Largest) vs. Cryptocurrency Market (Fastest-Growing)

The Algorithm Trading Market is prominently dominated by the Equity Market, which captures a substantial share compared to its counterparts. This segment benefits from high liquidity and a vast number of institutions participating, solidifying its status as the largest market type within the algorithmic trading landscape. Conversely, the Cryptocurrency Market is witnessing an extraordinary rise, driven by retail and institutional interest, reflecting its innovative potential and appeal in an increasingly digital economy. Growth trends indicate a shifting landscape where both traditional and emerging markets are gaining traction in algorithmic trading. The Equity Market's stability continues to attract investments, while the Cryptocurrency Market is rapidly expanding, propelled by advancements in technology, regulatory developments, and the increasing adoption of digital assets. This dynamic environment is expected to enhance competition and spur innovation across the sector.

Equity Market: Dominant vs. Cryptocurrency Market: Emerging

The Equity Market stands as the cornerstone of the Algorithm Trading Market, characterized by well-established trading practices, extensive data analytics capabilities, and a plethora of algorithmic strategies tailored for diverse investment goals. Its infrastructure supports high-frequency trading and facilitates institutional participation, leading to robust price discovery mechanisms. On the other hand, the Cryptocurrency Market represents an emerging frontier, marked by its volatile nature and rapid technological advancements. It attracts a diverse range of traders and investors, from retail to institutional, driven by the allure of decentralized finance and the potential for significant returns. As developments unfold, this market type underscores the necessity for adaptive trading strategies to navigate its unique challenges.

By Deployment Mode: Cloud-Based (Largest) vs. Hybrid (Fastest-Growing)

In the Algorithm Trading Market, the deployment modes exhibit distinct market share dynamics. The Cloud-Based segment has emerged as the largest contributor, favored for its scalability, accessibility, and cost-efficiency. On the other hand, the Hybrid model is gaining traction, introducing a blend of on-premises and cloud resources, appealing to firms that require both security and flexibility. The On-Premises mode, while still relevant, caters primarily to organizations with stringent data compliance requirements. Growth trends indicate a strong upward trajectory for Hybrid deployment, driven by an increasing demand for tailored solutions that maximize performance and security. As firms move towards more integrated trading strategies, the flexibility offered by Hybrid platforms is appealing. The Cloud-Based segment continues to thrive, supported by advancements in cloud technologies that enhance speed and reliability in algorithmic trading processes.

Cloud-Based (Dominant) vs. On-Premises (Emerging)

The Cloud-Based deployment model is dominant in the Algorithm Trading Market, as it provides efficient access to advanced computational capabilities and real-time data analytics that are crucial for high-frequency trading. Its inherent scalability allows firms to manage fluctuating trading volumes while minimizing infrastructure investments. This flexibility is particularly appealing to hedge funds and trading firms seeking to outperform competitors. In contrast, the On-Premises segment, although considered emerging, is primarily designed for firms that prioritize data sovereignty and security. These organizations often have customized solutions, enabling robust control over their trading algorithms and compliance with regulatory demands. As the market evolves, the emergence of sophisticated technologies may further bridge the gap between Cloud-Based and On-Premises strategies.

By User Type: Hedge Funds (Largest) vs. Retail Traders (Fastest-Growing)

The Algorithm Trading Market showcases a diverse distribution of user types, with Hedge Funds commanding the largest share due to their extensive resources and technological capabilities. Institutional Investors also maintain a significant presence by leveraging algorithms to optimize their trading strategies. Retail Traders and Proprietary Trading Firms, while smaller in comparison, show a growing influence in this market due to the democratization of trading technologies and platforms designed for individual users. The landscape reflects a dynamic competitive environment where each user type brings unique strengths to the table. The growth trends in the Algorithm Trading Market are heavily influenced by advancements in technology and increasing accessibility of trading platforms. Retail Traders represent the fastest-growing segment as more individuals embrace algorithmic tools for their personal trading strategies. Meanwhile, Hedge Funds and Institutional Investors continue to refine their sophisticated approaches, leading to greater efficiency and profitability. Increased awareness and education around algorithmic trading are further accelerating participation from Retail Traders, making this segment a vibrant focal point for market expansion.

Hedge Funds (Dominant) vs. Retail Traders (Emerging)

Hedge Funds are characterized by their substantial capital and access to cutting-edge technologies, allowing them to engage in sophisticated algorithmic trading strategies effectively. This dominance enables them to exploit market inefficiencies and achieve higher returns on investments. They often rely on a combination of quantitative analysis and extensive market data to drive their trading decisions. On the other hand, Retail Traders are emerging in the market, attracted by the increasing availability of user-friendly trading platforms that offer algorithmic functionalities. This segment is defined by a more diverse demographic, ranging from novice investors to tech-savvy individuals seeking to optimize their trading techniques. They leverage algorithmic tools to enhance their trading efficiency and participate in the market actively, fostering innovation in their approach.

Get more detailed insights about Algorithm Trading Market
Request Free Sample

Regional Insights

North America : Market Leader in Algorithm Trading

North America continues to lead the Algorithm Trading Market, holding a significant market share of 9.0 in 2025. The region's growth is driven by technological advancements, increased trading volumes, and a robust regulatory framework that supports innovation. The demand for algorithmic trading solutions is further fueled by the rising need for efficiency and speed in financial transactions, making it a critical component of modern trading strategies. The competitive landscape in North America is characterized by the presence of major players such as Citadel Securities, Jane Street, and Two Sigma Investments. These firms leverage cutting-edge technology and data analytics to enhance trading performance. The U.S. remains the dominant country in this sector, with a well-established infrastructure and a favorable business environment that attracts both domestic and international investments.

Europe : Emerging Hub for Algorithm Trading

Europe is emerging as a significant player in the Algorithm Trading Market, with a market size of 4.5 in 2025. The region benefits from a diverse financial landscape and regulatory support that encourages innovation in trading technologies. The demand for algorithmic trading is driven by the increasing complexity of financial markets and the need for efficient trading solutions, which are essential for maintaining competitiveness in a globalized economy. Leading countries in Europe include the Netherlands and the UK, where firms like IMC Trading and Optiver are at the forefront of algorithmic trading. The competitive environment is marked by a mix of established players and innovative startups, fostering a dynamic market. Regulatory bodies are actively working to ensure a balanced approach to innovation and risk management, which is crucial for sustaining growth in this sector.

Asia-Pacific : Rapid Growth in Trading Technologies

The Asia-Pacific region is witnessing rapid growth in the Algorithm Trading Market, with a market size of 3.5 in 2025. This growth is driven by increasing market participation, technological advancements, and a shift towards electronic trading platforms. The demand for algorithmic trading solutions is further supported by the region's expanding financial markets and the rising adoption of fintech innovations, which enhance trading efficiency and accuracy. Countries like Japan and Australia are leading the charge in algorithmic trading, with a growing number of firms entering the market. The competitive landscape is becoming increasingly vibrant, with both local and international players vying for market share. The presence of key players and a supportive regulatory environment are essential for fostering innovation and ensuring the region's competitiveness in the global trading landscape.

Middle East and Africa : Emerging Market Potential

The Middle East and Africa (MEA) region is gradually emerging in the Algorithm Trading Market, with a market size of 1.02 in 2025. The growth is driven by increasing financial market sophistication and a rising interest in algorithmic trading solutions among local investors. Regulatory frameworks are evolving to support this growth, providing a conducive environment for technological adoption and innovation in trading practices. Countries like South Africa and the UAE are at the forefront of this development, with a growing number of firms exploring algorithmic trading strategies. The competitive landscape is still developing, but the presence of key players and increasing investments in technology are paving the way for future growth. As the region continues to modernize its financial markets, opportunities for algorithmic trading are expected to expand significantly.

Algorithm Trading Market Regional Image

Key Players and Competitive Insights

The Algorithm Trading Market is characterized by a dynamic competitive landscape, driven by technological advancements and the increasing demand for high-frequency trading solutions. Key players such as Citadel Securities (US), Jane Street (US), and Two Sigma Investments (US) are at the forefront, leveraging their expertise in quantitative analysis and algorithmic strategies. Citadel Securities (US) has positioned itself as a leader through continuous innovation in trading technology, while Jane Street (US) focuses on enhancing its market-making capabilities. Two Sigma Investments (US) emphasizes data-driven investment strategies, which collectively shape a competitive environment that is increasingly reliant on sophisticated algorithms and real-time data analytics.The market structure appears moderately fragmented, with a mix of established firms and emerging players. Key business tactics include optimizing trading algorithms and enhancing data processing capabilities. The influence of major players is substantial, as they set benchmarks for performance and innovation. The competitive dynamics suggest that firms are increasingly localizing their operations to better serve regional markets, thereby enhancing their responsiveness to local trading conditions.In November 2025, Citadel Securities (US) announced a strategic partnership with a leading fintech firm to develop advanced machine learning algorithms aimed at improving trade execution efficiency. This move is likely to bolster Citadel's competitive edge by integrating cutting-edge technology into its trading operations, thereby enhancing its ability to respond to market fluctuations in real-time.In October 2025, Jane Street (US) expanded its global footprint by opening a new office in Singapore, which is expected to enhance its access to Asian markets. This strategic expansion indicates Jane Street's commitment to capturing growth opportunities in emerging markets, thereby diversifying its trading strategies and client base.In September 2025, Two Sigma Investments (US) launched a new AI-driven trading platform designed to optimize portfolio management for institutional clients. This initiative reflects Two Sigma's focus on integrating artificial intelligence into its trading processes, potentially setting a new standard for investment management in the algorithm trading sector.As of December 2025, the Algorithm Trading Market is witnessing trends such as increased digitalization, the integration of AI technologies, and a growing emphasis on sustainability. Strategic alliances among firms are shaping the competitive landscape, fostering innovation and collaboration. Looking ahead, competitive differentiation is likely to evolve from traditional price-based competition to a focus on technological innovation and supply chain reliability, as firms strive to enhance their operational efficiencies and adapt to rapidly changing market conditions.

Key Companies in the Algorithm Trading Market include

Industry Developments

  • Q2 2024: Virtu Financial appoints new CTO to lead algorithmic trading innovation Virtu Financial announced the appointment of a new Chief Technology Officer to spearhead the development of next-generation algorithmic trading platforms, aiming to enhance speed and reliability for institutional clients.
  • Q2 2024: Goldman Sachs launches AI-powered algorithmic trading platform for equities Goldman Sachs unveiled a new AI-driven algorithmic trading platform designed to optimize equity trade execution, leveraging machine learning to adapt to real-time market conditions.
  • Q2 2024: Deutsche Bank partners with Google Cloud to accelerate algorithmic trading infrastructure Deutsche Bank entered a strategic partnership with Google Cloud to modernize its algorithmic trading systems, focusing on scalability and real-time analytics for global markets.
  • Q3 2024: AlgoTrader secures $15M Series B funding to expand automated trading solutions Swiss fintech AlgoTrader raised $15 million in Series B funding to accelerate product development and expand its global footprint in the algorithmic trading sector.
  • Q3 2024: MetaQuotes releases MetaTrader 6 with advanced algorithmic trading features MetaQuotes launched MetaTrader 6, introducing enhanced algorithmic trading capabilities, including improved backtesting and integration with AI-based trading strategies.
  • Q4 2024: London Stock Exchange receives regulatory approval for new algorithmic trading venue The London Stock Exchange obtained regulatory clearance to launch a dedicated venue for algorithmic trading, aiming to attract high-frequency traders and institutional investors.
  • Q4 2024: Citadel Securities acquires fintech startup specializing in crypto algorithmic trading Citadel Securities acquired a fintech startup focused on algorithmic trading for cryptocurrencies, expanding its capabilities in digital asset markets.
  • Q1 2025: JP Morgan launches quantum computing research lab for algorithmic trading JP Morgan opened a new research lab dedicated to exploring quantum computing applications in algorithmic trading, aiming to develop ultra-fast trading algorithms.
  • Q1 2025: Trading Technologies announces partnership with AWS for cloud-based algo trading Trading Technologies partnered with Amazon Web Services to deliver cloud-native algorithmic trading solutions, enabling clients to scale operations and reduce latency.
  • Q2 2025: Nasdaq wins contract to provide algorithmic trading technology to Asian exchange Nasdaq secured a multi-year contract to supply its algorithmic trading technology to a major Asian stock exchange, supporting modernization and increased trading efficiency.
  • Q2 2025: Morgan Stanley invests in AI startup developing next-gen trading algorithms Morgan Stanley made a strategic investment in an AI startup focused on developing advanced trading algorithms for equities and derivatives markets.
  • Q3 2025: AlgoTrader opens new R&D facility in Singapore to drive APAC expansion AlgoTrader inaugurated a research and development center in Singapore to support its expansion in the Asia-Pacific region and accelerate innovation in algorithmic trading.

 

Future Outlook

Algorithm Trading Market Future Outlook

The Algorithm Trading Market is projected to grow at 11.92% CAGR from 2024 to 2035, driven by advancements in AI, increased trading volumes, and regulatory changes.

New opportunities lie in:

  • Development of AI-driven trading algorithms for niche markets.
  • Integration of blockchain technology for enhanced transaction transparency.
  • Expansion of algorithmic trading platforms into emerging markets.

By 2035, the Algorithm Trading Market is expected to be robust, reflecting substantial growth and innovation.

Market Segmentation

Algorithm Trading Market User Type Outlook

  • Institutional Investors
  • Retail Traders
  • Hedge Funds
  • Proprietary Trading Firms

Algorithm Trading Market Application Outlook

  • High-Frequency Trading
  • Algorithmic Execution
  • Market Making
  • Statistical Arbitrage
  • Portfolio Management

Algorithm Trading Market Market Type Outlook

  • Equity Market
  • Foreign Exchange Market
  • Commodity Market
  • Derivatives Market
  • Cryptocurrency Market

Algorithm Trading Market Deployment Mode Outlook

  • On-Premises
  • Cloud-Based
  • Hybrid

Algorithm Trading Market Trading Strategy Outlook

  • Trend Following
  • Mean Reversion
  • Arbitrage
  • Sentiment Analysis
  • Machine Learning

Report Scope

MARKET SIZE 202418.02(USD Billion)
MARKET SIZE 202520.17(USD Billion)
MARKET SIZE 203562.19(USD Billion)
COMPOUND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE (CAGR)11.92% (2025 - 2035)
REPORT COVERAGERevenue Forecast, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, and Trends
BASE YEAR2024
Market Forecast Period2025 - 2035
Historical Data2019 - 2024
Market Forecast UnitsUSD Billion
Key Companies ProfiledCitadel Securities (US), Jane Street (US), Two Sigma Investments (US), DRW Trading (US), Jump Trading (US), IMC Trading (NL), Optiver (NL), Hudson River Trading (US), CQS (GB)
Segments CoveredApplication, Trading Strategy, Market Type, Deployment Mode, User Type
Key Market OpportunitiesIntegration of artificial intelligence enhances predictive analytics in the Algorithm Trading Market.
Key Market DynamicsRising technological advancements and regulatory changes are reshaping competitive dynamics in the Algorithm Trading Market.
Countries CoveredNorth America, Europe, APAC, South America, MEA

Market Highlights

Author
Aarti Dhapte
Team Lead - Research

She holds an experience of about 6+ years in Market Research and Business Consulting, working under the spectrum of Information Communication Technology, Telecommunications and Semiconductor domains. Aarti conceptualizes and implements a scalable business strategy and provides strategic leadership to the clients. Her expertise lies in market estimation, competitive intelligence, pipeline analysis, customer assessment, etc.

Get In Touch
Leave a Comment

FAQs

What was the market size of the Algorithm Trading Market in 2024?

The Algorithm Trading Market was valued at 9.58 USD Billion in 2024.

What is the projected market size for the Algorithm Trading Market by 2035?

The market is projected to reach 24.1 USD Billion by the year 2035.

What is the expected CAGR for the Algorithm Trading Market from 2025 to 2035?

The expected CAGR for the market is 8.75% during the period from 2025 to 2035.

Which region was the largest market size in 2024?

North America held the largest market size, valued at 4.0 USD Billion in 2024.

How much is the Asia Pacific region expected to be valued in the Algorithm Trading Market in 2035?

The Asia Pacific region is expected to be valued at 6.8 USD Billion in 2035.

What is the market size for Statistical Arbitrage in 2024?

The market size for Statistical Arbitrage is valued at 2.9 USD Billion in the year 2024.

Who are the key players in the Algorithm Trading Market?

Key players in the market include Virtu Financial, Citadel Securities, Jump Trading, and Hudson River Trading.

What will be the market size for the Trend Following strategy by 2035?

The market size for the Trend Following strategy is expected to be 5.8 USD Billion by the year 2035.

How much is the Market Making strategy valued at in 2024?

Market Making strategy is valued at 2.08 USD Billion in 2024.

What challenges are influencing the growth of the Algorithm Trading Market?

Challenges such as regulatory changes and market volatility are influencing the growth of the Algorithm Trading Market.

Download Free Sample

Kindly complete the form below to receive a free sample of this Report

No regional reports available for this market.

Customer Stories
Case Study
Aerospace & Defense
Future of Dismounted Soldier Systems Market Trends & Adoption Roadmap 2019–2035

Compare Licence

×
Features License Type
Single User Multiuser License Enterprise User
Price $4,950 $5,950 $7,250
Maximum User Access Limit 1 User Upto 10 Users Unrestricted Access Throughout the Organization
Free Customization ✓ ✓ ✓
Direct Access to Analyst ✓ ✓ ✓
Deliverable Format ✓ ✓ ✓
Platform Access ✗ ✗ ✓
Discount on Next Purchase 10% 15% 15%
Printable Versions ✗ ✗ ✓