# US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market > US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Research Report By Product (potato, corn, wheat, others) and By Application (pharmaceuticals, food ingredients, adhesives, textile, others) - Forecast to 2035. - **Forecast Period:** 2025 - 2035 - **CAGR:** 17.66% - **2024:** $ 4.15 Million - **2025:** $ 4.88 Million - **2035:** $ 24.83 Million - **Key Players:** Ashland Global Holdings Inc (US), Roquette Freres (FR), JRS Pharma (DE), Colorcon Inc (US), DOW Chemical Company (US), BASF SE (DE), Mingtai Chemical Co Ltd (CN), Shandong Xinda Biotechnology Co Ltd (CN) **Report ID:** MRFR/CnM/15414-HCR · **Pages:** 111 · **Author:** Chitranshi Jaiswal · **Last Updated:** April 06, 2026 **URL:** https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/us-sodium-starch-glycolate-market-16942 --- ## Market Summary ## **US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Overview** The US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Size was estimated at 17.29 (USD Million) in 2023. The US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Industry is expected to grow from 17.81(USD Million) in 2024 to 40 (USD Million) by 2035. The US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market CAGR (growth rate) is expected to be around 7.634% during the forecast period (2025 - 2035). ## **Key US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Trends Highlighted** The US Sodium Starch Glycolate market is experiencing notable trends driven by the growth in pharmaceutical and dietary supplement industries. The increasing demand for excipients in oral solid dosage forms is a significant market driver. As the healthcare sector expands, the focus on high-quality excipients like Sodium Starch Glycolate, known for its effectiveness as a disintegrant and binder, has intensified. Additionally, ongoing research and development in drug formulation are shaping the market landscape, with a growing emphasis on developing innovative pharmaceutical products that enhance patient compliance. Opportunities to be explored in the US Sodium Starch Glycolate market include the potential for product diversification and expansion into niche applications.The rise of personalized medicine and tailored therapies is encouraging manufacturers to develop bespoke formulations that cater to specific patient needs. As companies look to innovate, the demand for various grades of Sodium Starch Glycolate could increase, allowing for a broader range of applications in both pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. In recent times, there is a noticeable trend towards sustainable and clean-label products. US consumers are becoming increasingly health-conscious, leading to a preference for natural and non-toxic ingredients in medications and supplements. This shift is prompting manufacturers to focus on sourcing high-quality, plant-based Sodium Starch Glycolate, aligning with consumer demands for transparency and integrity in product offerings.Moreover, regulatory frameworks in the US, such as those from the FDA, are becoming more stringent, emphasizing the need for compliance and quality assurance in excipient production, further impacting market dynamics. Overall, the US Sodium Starch Glycolate market is in a transformative phase, adapting to new consumer needs and regulatory landscapes while continuing to support the growth of the healthcare sector. Source: Primary Research, Secondary Research, _Market Research Future_ Database and Analyst Review ## **US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Drivers** The US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Industry is experiencing increased demand due to its extensive applications in the pharmaceutical sector as a disintegrant in solid dosage forms. The American Chemical Society indicates that disintegrants account for a significant portion of pharmaceutical excipients. This growing trend is primarily driven by the rising number of prescription drugs in the US, documented by the National Institute for Health showing that the number of prescriptions dispensed has increased from approximately 3.8 billion in 2015 to around 4.5 billion in 2020.As the pharmaceutical industry continues to expand, the demand for effective excipients like sodium starch glycolate is expected to rise significantly, creating substantial opportunities in the US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market. ### Growth in Nutraceutical Sector The increasing focus on health and wellness has led to the growth of the nutraceutical sector in the US, which is a significant driver for the US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Industry. According to the Council for Responsible Nutrition, nearly 77% of adults in the US take dietary supplements, indicating a strong market for nutraceuticals. As these products often require excipients for effective formulation and delivery, the need for sodium starch glycolate as a filler and binder is expected to grow.This trend emphasizes the positive correlation between the expanding nutraceutical market and the demand for sodium starch glycolate in the US. ### Rising Investments in Research and Development The US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Industry benefits significantly from increased investments in Research and Development (R&D) activities. The National Science Foundation reports that R&D spending in the US exceeded 600 billion USD in recent years, reflecting a commitment to innovation in various sectors including pharmaceuticals and food industries where sodium starch glycolate is crucial. More investments toward developing advanced drug delivery systems and formulation technologies enhance the functionality of sodium starch glycolate, thereby boosting its demand in the market.Consequently, this heightened focus on R&D directly fuels growth in the US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market. ### Expansion of the Food Industry The ongoing expansion of the food industry in the US presents a significant growth driver for the US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Industry. The United States Department of Agriculture reported that food and beverage sales were projected to reach around 1.9 trillion USD, highlighting a robust market environment. Sodium starch glycolate serves as an important ingredient in food products, particularly as a thickening agent and stabilizer. As consumer preferences shift towards convenience and processed foods, the demand for modified food starches, including sodium starch glycolate, is set to increase.Thus, the expansion of the food sector is providing a strong impetus for market growth. ## **US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Segment Insights** ### **Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Product Insights** The US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market, particularly within the Product segment, displays a diverse landscape that consists of various important sources including potato, corn, wheat, and others. Sodium Starch Glycolate serves as a crucial excipient in the pharmaceutical and food industries, utilized primarily for its properties as a disintegrant in tablets, due to its unique ability to absorb water and swell. The potato variant holds a significant position within the market due to its high availability and efficiency in pharmaceutical applications, often being preferred for its consistent quality and performance.Corn-based Sodium Starch Glycolate is also prominent, mainly favored by manufacturers for its cost-effectiveness and ease of use in various formulations, thereby catering to a substantial portion of the market demand. Wheat, while a slightly less dominant player, still contributes meaningfully to the overall variety offered, appealing to manufacturers that prioritize specific ingredient sourcing due to dietary restrictions or specific formulations. The "others" category encompasses various starch sources, reflecting the evolving preferences and needs within the industry, thus creating opportunities for innovation and diversification.In light of recent trends, there is an increasing demand for plant-based and natural excipients, which further highlights the relevance of different plant sources in meeting the growing consumer and industry expectations surrounding sustainability and health. This diversification not only supports the resilience of the US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market but also reflects a broader trend of customization in pharmaceutical formulations, highlighting the importance and relevance of each source in meeting the specific needs of manufacturers across both the pharmaceutical and food sectors.. Source: Primary Research, Secondary Research, _Market Research Future_ Database and Analyst Review ### **Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Application Insights** The US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market, particularly in the Application segment, plays a vital role across various industries. Within pharmaceuticals, this compound is primarily used as a disintegrant in tablet formulations, enhancing drug release and bioavailability, which is critical for patient compliance and therapeutic effectiveness. In food ingredients, Sodium Starch Glycolate acts as a stabilizing agent, contributing to the texture and quality of food products, a sector that sees substantial consumer demand driven by growing health-conscious trends.Additionally, in adhesives, this compound is leveraged for its binding properties, making it valuable for various applications in construction and manufacturing sectors. The textile industry also benefits from Sodium Starch Glycolate, specifically in dyeing and finishing processes, where it aids in improving fabric quality and appearance. The diverse applicability across these segments emphasizes the importance of Sodium Starch Glycolate in meeting the functional requirements of multiple industries in the US, supporting continuous market growth driven by innovation and consumer preferences.As a result, the US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market segmentation reflects significant opportunities for expansion and development in these critical areas. ## **US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Key Players and Competitive Insights** The competitive landscape of the US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market is characterized by a dynamic interplay of established players vying for market share amidst evolving customer demands and regulatory standards. As a critical excipient in the pharmaceutical and food industries, sodium starch glycolate plays a vital role in enhancing the efficiency of drug formulations and food products. Companies operating in this market are increasingly focusing on innovation, quality improvement, and sustainability to differentiate themselves and maintain a competitive edge. The market is shaped by key factors such as technological advancements, strategic collaborations, mergers and acquisitions, and the growing emphasis on research and development to align product offerings with emerging consumer needs. The landscape is also influenced by shifts in production practices and distribution channels that aim to enhance accessibility and affordability of sodium starch glycolate products.BASF Corporation stands out in the US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market due to its robust operational infrastructure, extensive product portfolio, and commitment to research and development. With a significant presence in the pharmaceutical excipients sector, BASF Corporation leverages its technological capabilities to deliver high-quality and innovative solutions that cater to industry demands. The company benefits from its established reputation for reliability and performance, which are critical selling points among pharmaceutical manufacturers. Furthermore, BASF Corporation's extensive distribution network enables efficient product delivery and customer engagement, solidifying its position as a trusted partner in the sodium starch glycolate business within the United States.Hawkins, Inc. is another key player in the US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market, known for its focused approach in providing high-quality specialty ingredients. The company has carved out a strong market presence through a diverse portfolio of products aimed at various applications in health and nutrition as well as food and pharmaceutical sectors. Hawkins, Inc. is recognized for its strengths in customer service and technical support, which enhance its relationships with clients across the industry. The company has also engaged in strategic mergers and acquisitions to broaden its capabilities and expand its market reach. Its dedication to innovation and quality positioning, along with its emphasis on leveraging industry partnerships, further strengthens Hawkins, Inc.'s competitive stance in the sodium starch glycolate market in the United States. ## **Key Companies in the US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Include** ## **US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Industry Developments** Recent developments in the US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market have showcased a growing interest among key players, including BASF Corporation, Hawkins Inc., JRS Pharma, and The Dow Chemical Company. As of September 2023, new product innovations focusing on enhanced functionalities and sustainability have prompted companies to invest more in Research and Development. This has resulted in a projected growth in market valuation, with some companies reporting increases of up to 15% in their product lines. In terms of mergers and acquisitions, both Ashland Global Holdings and Ginkgo BioWorks have recently focused on strategic partnerships to improve their market position, with noteworthy announcements made in August 2023 regarding collaborative efforts to enhance product offerings. Furthermore, there has been heightened regulatory attention to ensure compliance with quality standards in the production of Sodium Starch Glycolate, particularly concerning its applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Over the last two years, the shift toward cleaner and more efficient manufacturing processes has also influenced market dynamics significantly, as firms strive to meet consumer demand for sustainable and eco-friendly solutions. ## **US Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Segmentation Insights** ### **Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Product****Outlook** ### **Sodium Starch Glycolate Market Application****Outlook** ## Market Drivers ### Expansion in Nutraceuticals The sodium starch-glycolate market is also benefiting from the expansion of the nutraceuticals sector. As consumers increasingly seek health supplements and functional foods, manufacturers are incorporating sodium starch-glycolate as a key ingredient due to its properties as a disintegrant and binder. The US nutraceutical market is anticipated to surpass $300 billion by 2025, driven by rising health consciousness among consumers. This growth presents a significant opportunity for sodium starch-glycolate, as it enhances the bioavailability of nutrients in various formulations. The versatility of sodium starch-glycolate in both pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications suggests a synergistic growth potential, further solidifying its position in the sodium starch-glycolate market. ### Growing Pharmaceutical Applications The sodium starch-glycolate market is experiencing a notable increase in demand due to its extensive applications in the pharmaceutical sector. This excipient is primarily utilized as a disintegrant in tablet formulations, enhancing the dissolution rate of active ingredients. The pharmaceutical industry in the US is projected to reach approximately $600 billion by 2025, with excipients like sodium starch-glycolate playing a crucial role in drug formulation. As the trend towards more complex drug formulations continues, the need for effective disintegrants is likely to grow, thereby driving the sodium starch-glycolate market. Furthermore, the increasing focus on patient compliance and the development of [novel drug delivery systems](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/novel-drug-delivery-system-market-33741) may further bolster the demand for this excipient, indicating a robust growth trajectory for the sodium starch-glycolate market in the coming years. ### Rising Consumer Awareness of Quality Consumer awareness regarding the quality and efficacy of pharmaceutical products is on the rise, which is influencing the sodium starch-glycolate market. As patients become more informed about the ingredients in their medications, there is a growing demand for high-quality excipients that ensure product safety and effectiveness. Regulatory bodies in the US are increasingly emphasizing the importance of excipient quality, which is likely to drive manufacturers to seek reliable sources of sodium starch-glycolate. This trend towards quality assurance may lead to a more stringent selection process for excipients, thereby enhancing the overall credibility of the sodium starch-glycolate market. Consequently, manufacturers that prioritize quality and compliance are expected to gain a competitive edge. ### Increased Focus on Sustainable Practices The sodium starch-glycolate market is witnessing a shift towards sustainable practices, driven by growing environmental concerns. Manufacturers are increasingly seeking eco-friendly alternatives and sustainable sourcing for raw materials used in the production of sodium starch-glycolate. This trend aligns with the broader movement within the pharmaceutical and food industries to adopt greener practices. As sustainability becomes a key consideration for consumers and regulatory bodies alike, the demand for sustainably produced sodium starch-glycolate is likely to rise. Companies that embrace sustainable practices may not only enhance their brand image but also tap into a growing market segment that prioritizes environmental responsibility, thereby positively impacting the sodium starch-glycolate market. ### Technological Advancements in Formulation Technological advancements in formulation techniques are poised to impact the sodium starch-glycolate market positively. Innovations in manufacturing processes, such as the development of modified starches and improved granulation techniques, enhance the performance of sodium starch-glycolate as a disintegrant. These advancements not only improve the efficiency of drug formulations but also cater to the growing demand for customized solutions in the pharmaceutical industry. As companies invest in research and development to create more effective formulations, the sodium starch-glycolate market is likely to witness increased adoption of this excipient. The integration of technology in formulation processes may lead to enhanced product quality and performance, thereby driving market growth. ## Future Outlook The sodium starch-glycolate market is projected to grow at a 17.66% CAGR from 2025 to 2035, driven by increasing demand in pharmaceuticals and food industries. **New opportunities:** - Development of innovative formulations for enhanced drug delivery systems. - Expansion into emerging markets with tailored product offerings. - Strategic partnerships with pharmaceutical companies for co-development projects. By 2035, the sodium starch-glycolate market is expected to achieve substantial growth and market presence. ## Segment Insights ### By Product: Potato (Largest) vs. Corn (Fastest-Growing) In the US sodium starch-glycolate market, the product segment is notably diverse, with Potato leading in market share due to its extensive utilization in pharmaceutical applications. Corn follows closely, with significant adoption in various food products. Wheat and Others contribute to the market but hold smaller shares compared to these dominant ingredients. The disparity in market share is primarily a result of varying application effectiveness and consumer preferences. The growth trends for these segments illustrate a shifting landscape, particularly with Corn emerging as the fastest-growing segment. This growth is driven by increasing demand for clean-label and plant-based products, which enhances the appeal of corn-derived sodium starch-glycolate. Meanwhile, Potato remains solid due to its versatility and established presence in the market, but innovation in the Corn segment may pose challenges to its dominance. Potato (Dominant) vs. Corn (Emerging) Potato sodium starch-glycolate dominates the market, favored for its superior binding properties that enhance the formulation of tablets and capsules in the pharmaceutical sector. Its established performance, particularly in the health segment, offers consistency and reliability that manufacturers prefer. In contrast, Corn sodium starch-glycolate is quickly emerging, driven by trends such as the demand for sustainable and naturally derived ingredients. This trend has garnered attention from food producers, spurring innovation and application expansion. While Potato offers stability, Corn's rising profile reflects the shifting preferences towards sustainable practices, setting the stage for a more competitive landscape within the product segment. ### By Application: Pharmaceuticals (Largest) vs. Food Ingredients (Fastest-Growing) In the US sodium starch-glycolate market, the application segments reveal a distinct distribution of market share. Pharmaceuticals hold the largest share due to their crucial role in drug formulations as a disintegrant. This segment capitalizes on the ongoing demand for innovative [drug delivery systems](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/drug-delivery-system-market-43638), driving significant consumption. Other segments, such as food ingredients and adhesives, follow but are growing steadily, highlighting varying applications across industries. The growth trends in the US sodium starch-glycolate market are primarily driven by innovations in drug development and the increasing demand for functional food products. Pharmaceuticals experience consistent growth fueled by advancements in healthcare and aging population needs, while food ingredients are rapidly gaining traction due to a rise in consumer interest in health-conscious options. Adhesives and textiles, though smaller in share, are also noteworthy for their emerging trends in sustainable sourcing and performance enhancements. Pharmaceuticals: Dominant vs. Food Ingredients: Emerging Pharmaceuticals represent the dominant application segment, characterized by significant use of sodium starch-glycolate as a crucial excipient in tablet formulations. Its effectiveness as a disintegrant directly impacts the performance of oral dosage forms, ensuring quick drug release and improved bioavailability. Meanwhile, food ingredients emerge as a noteworthy segment, driven by the increasing awareness of food safety and health benefits. As consumers lean towards clean label products, sodium starch-glycolate in food manufacturing acts as a stabilizer and thickener, ensuring texture and consistency. Both segments reflect unique advantages and steady demand, indicating a balanced growth trajectory in the overall market. ## Competitive Benchmarking The sodium starch-glycolate market exhibits a dynamic competitive landscape characterized by innovation and strategic positioning among key players. Major companies such as Ashland Global Holdings Inc (US), Roquette Freres (FR), and Colorcon Inc (US) are actively shaping the market through various strategies. Ashland Global Holdings Inc (US) focuses on enhancing its product portfolio through research and development, aiming to meet the increasing demand for excipients in the pharmaceutical sector. Meanwhile, Roquette Freres (FR) emphasizes sustainability in its operations, aligning with global trends towards eco-friendly products. Colorcon Inc (US) leverages its extensive distribution network to strengthen its market presence, indicating a trend towards regional expansion and customer-centric approaches. Collectively, these strategies contribute to a competitive environment that prioritizes innovation and responsiveness to market needs.Key business tactics within the sodium starch-glycolate market include localizing manufacturing and optimizing supply chains to enhance efficiency and reduce costs. The market structure appears moderately fragmented, with several players vying for market share. The collective influence of these key players fosters a competitive atmosphere where innovation and operational excellence are paramount. As companies strive to differentiate themselves, the focus on localized production and streamlined supply chains becomes increasingly critical. In October Ashland Global Holdings Inc (US) announced a strategic partnership with a leading pharmaceutical company to develop a new line of sodium starch-glycolate products tailored for specific drug formulations. This collaboration is likely to enhance Ashland's market position by expanding its product offerings and addressing niche market needs. The partnership underscores the importance of innovation in product development, which is essential for maintaining competitiveness in a rapidly evolving market. In September Colorcon Inc (US) launched a new initiative aimed at improving the sustainability of its sodium starch-glycolate production processes. This initiative includes the adoption of renewable energy sources and waste reduction strategies. Such actions not only align with global sustainability goals but also position Colorcon as a leader in environmentally responsible manufacturing, potentially attracting a broader customer base that values sustainability. In August Roquette Freres (FR) expanded its production capacity for sodium starch-glycolate at its facility in the US. This expansion is indicative of Roquette's commitment to meeting the growing demand for excipients in the pharmaceutical industry. By increasing production capacity, Roquette is likely to enhance its competitive edge, ensuring timely delivery and availability of its products in a market that is increasingly focused on supply chain reliability. As of November current competitive trends in the sodium starch-glycolate market are heavily influenced by digitalization, sustainability, and the integration of advanced technologies such as AI. Strategic alliances among companies are shaping the landscape, fostering innovation and collaboration. The shift from price-based competition to a focus on technological advancement and supply chain reliability is evident. Companies that prioritize innovation and sustainable practices are likely to emerge as leaders in this evolving market. ## Recent News & Developments Recent developments in the US [Sodium Starch Glycolate](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/sodium-starch-glycolate-market-5770) Market have showcased a growing interest among key players, including BASF Corporation, Hawkins Inc., JRS Pharma, and The Dow Chemical Company. As of September 2023, new product innovations focusing on enhanced functionalities and sustainability have prompted companies to invest more in Research and Development. This has resulted in a projected growth in market valuation, with some companies reporting increases of up to 15% in their product lines. In terms of mergers and acquisitions, both Ashland Global Holdings and Ginkgo BioWorks have recently focused on strategic partnerships to improve their market position, with noteworthy announcements made in August 2023 regarding collaborative efforts to enhance product offerings. Furthermore, there has been heightened regulatory attention to ensure compliance with quality standards in the production of Sodium Starch Glycolate, particularly concerning its applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Over the last two years, the shift toward cleaner and more efficient manufacturing processes has also influenced market dynamics significantly, as firms strive to meet consumer demand for sustainable and eco-friendly solutions. ## Report Scope | MARKET SIZE 2024 | 4.15(USD Million) | | --- | --- | | MARKET SIZE 2025 | 4.88(USD Million) | | MARKET SIZE 2035 | 24.83(USD Million) | | COMPOUND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE (CAGR) | 17.66% (2025 - 2035) | | REPORT COVERAGE | Revenue Forecast, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, and Trends | | BASE YEAR | 2024 | | Market Forecast Period | 2025 - 2035 | | Historical Data | 2019 - 2024 | | Market Forecast Units | USD Million | | Key Companies Profiled | Ashland Global Holdings Inc (US), Roquette Freres (FR), JRS Pharma (DE), Colorcon Inc (US), DOW Chemical Company (US), BASF SE (DE), Mingtai Chemical Co Ltd (CN), Shandong Xinda Biotechnology Co Ltd (CN) | | Segments Covered | Product, Application | | Key Market Opportunities | Growing demand for excipients in pharmaceuticals presents opportunities in the sodium starch-glycolate market. | | Key Market Dynamics | Rising demand for sodium starch-glycolate in pharmaceuticals drives innovation and competitive dynamics in formulation technologies. | | Countries Covered | US | ## Frequently Asked Questions **Q: What was the market valuation of sodium starch-glycolate in 2024?** A: The market valuation of sodium starch-glycolate was $4.15 Million in 2024. **Q: What is the projected market valuation for sodium starch-glycolate by 2035?** A: The projected market valuation for sodium starch-glycolate is $24.83 Million by 2035. **Q: What is the expected CAGR for the sodium starch-glycolate market during 2025 - 2035?** A: The expected CAGR for the sodium starch-glycolate market during 2025 - 2035 is 17.66%. **Q: Which companies are considered key players in the sodium starch-glycolate market?** A: Key players in the sodium starch-glycolate market include Ashland Global Holdings Inc, Roquette Freres, JRS Pharma, Colorcon Inc, DOW Chemical Company, BASF SE, Mingtai Chemical Co Ltd, and Shandong Xinda Biotechnology Co Ltd. **Q: What are the main product segments of sodium starch-glycolate?** A: The main product segments of sodium starch-glycolate include Potato, Corn, Wheat, and Others, with valuations ranging from $0.83 Million to $7.85 Million. **Q: What applications are driving the sodium starch-glycolate market?** A: Applications driving the sodium starch-glycolate market include Pharmaceuticals, Food Ingredients, Adhesives, Textile, and Others, with valuations from $0.31 Million to $10.0 Million. **Q: How does the valuation of the Pharmaceuticals segment compare to others?** A: The Pharmaceuticals segment has the highest valuation at $10.0 Million, significantly surpassing other segments. **Q: What is the valuation range for the Food Ingredients segment?** A: The valuation range for the Food Ingredients segment is from $1.25 Million to $7.5 Million. **Q: What potential growth opportunities exist in the sodium starch-glycolate market?** A: Potential growth opportunities in the sodium starch-glycolate market may arise from increasing demand in pharmaceuticals and food applications. **Q: How does the market size in 2024 compare to the projected size in 2035?** A: The market size in 2024 at $4.15 Million is expected to grow to $24.83 Million by 2035, indicating substantial growth. --- *This Markdown endpoint is provided for AI systems and LLM crawlers. For the full interactive report visit https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/us-sodium-starch-glycolate-market-16942*