# Noble Gase Market

> Noble Gase Market Research Report By Grade (Crude, Processed), By Application (Electronics, Medical, Industrial), By Purity (Ultra-high Purity (&gt;99.9999%), High Purity (99.995%-99.9999%), Medium Purity (99.95%-99.995%)) and By Regional (North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa) - Forecast to 2035

- **Forecast Period:** 2025 - 2035
- **CAGR:** 3.25%
- **2024:** $ 16.6 Billion
- **2025:** $ 17.14 Billion
- **2035:** $ 23.6 Billion
- **Key Players:** Air Products and Chemicals Inc (US), Linde plc (IE), Praxair Inc (US), Messer Group GmbH (DE), Noble Gas Solutions (US), Matheson Tri-Gas Inc (US), Air Liquide S.A. (FR), BASF SE (DE), Showa Denko K.K. (JP)

**Report ID:** MRFR/CnM/23782-HCR · **Pages:** 111 · **Author:** Chitranshi Jaiswal · **Last Updated:** May 15, 2026

**URL:** https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/noble-gase-market-25414

---

## Market Summary

## **Global Noble Gase Market Overview**

The Noble Gase Market Size was estimated at 16.60 (USD Billion) in 2024. The Noble Gase Industry is expected to grow from 17.14 (USD Billion) in 2025 to 22.86 (USD Billion) by 2034. The Noble Gase Market CAGR (growth rate) is expected to be around 3.3% during the forecast period (2025 - 2034).

### **Key Noble Gase Market Trends Highlighted**

The noble gas market is driven by several key factors, including the growing demand for noble gases in the semiconductor industry. Noble gases such as helium, neon, and argon are essential for the production of semiconductors, and the increasing demand for semiconductors is expected to drive the growth of the noble gas market.Additionally, the growing demand for noble gases in the medical and automotive industries is also expected to contribute to the growth of the market. Noble gases such as xenon are used in medical imaging, while helium is used in cooling systems in vehicles.

The increasing demand for these applications is expected to drive the growth of the noble gas market.The growing adoption of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy, is also expected to create new opportunities for the noble gas market. Noble gases such as argon and krypton are used in the production of solar panels and wind turbines, and the increasing demand for renewable energy is expected to drive the growth of the noble gas market.

Source: Primary Research, Secondary Research, _Market Research Future_ Database and Analyst Review

## **Noble Gase Market Drivers**

- ### **Increasing Demand for Noble Gases in Electronics Industry**

The electronics industry is the largest consumer of noble gases, such as helium, neon, and argon. These gases are used in the production of semiconductors, flat-panel displays, and lighting. The increase in demand for electronic devices, such as smartphones, laptops, and televisions, results in the growth of the noble gases market in the electronics industry.

In 2021, the semiconductor market size was valued at USD 527.94 billion and is expected to reach USD 1,380.70 billion by 2029, exhibiting a CAGR of 12.2% during the forecast period.The growth of the electronics sector in the forthcoming years will continue to drive the noble gas market. Apart from the electronics industry, noble gases are also used in lighting, welding, and various medical applications, among others. The increase in demand for these applications will also contribute to the growth of the noble gas market in the future.

### **Growing Use of Noble Gases in Medical Applications**

Noble gases play a vital role in the medical industry, particularly in the field of medical imaging. Helium is used as a cooling agent in MRI scanners, while xenon is used as a contrast agent in CT scans. The growing demand for medical imaging procedures is driving the demand for noble gases in the medical industry.

For instance, in 2020, the medical imaging market was valued at USD 44.2 billion and is projected to reach USD 79.2 billion by 2027, exhibiting a CAGR of 8.0% during the forecast period.This growth in the medical imaging market is expected to continue to drive the demand for noble gases in the coming years. In addition to medical imaging, noble gases are also used in a variety of other medical applications, such as laser surgery, wound healing, and pain management.

The growing demand for these applications is also expected to contribute to the growth of the noble gas market in the coming years.

### **Government Initiatives to Promote the Use of Noble Gases**

In conclusion, governments worldwide are increasingly aware of the importance of noble gases and are promoting their use in a number of ways. This includes funding research and development of noble gas technologies, providing tax incentives to businesses that use noble gases, and developing regulations to ensure their safe use. For example, in 2021, the U.S.

Department of Energy invested USD 20 million in research and development of noble gas technologies, a move that is expected to help speed up the development of new and innovative uses of noble gases.Government initiatives aimed at promoting the use of noble gases are expected to be a key driver of the growth of the noble gas market. This is because these initiatives help raise awareness about the benefits of noble gases and help businesses take the first steps toward adopting noble gas technologies.

## **Noble Gase Market Segment Insights**

### **Noble Gase Market Grade Insights**

The Noble Gas Market is segmented by grade into crude and processed. The crude segment accounted for a larger share of the market in 2023, and it is expected to continue to dominate the market over the forecast period. The processed segment is expected to grow at a faster CAGR over the forecast period because of the increasing demand for high-purity noble gases in various applications. The crude noble gas segment includes gases that are extracted directly from natural sources, such as air or natural gas.

These gases are typically less pure than processed noble gases, and they may contain impurities such as other gases, moisture, and hydrocarbons.Crude noble gases are used in a variety of applications, including lighting, welding, and metalworking. The processed noble gas segment includes gases that have been purified to remove impurities. These gases are typically more expensive than crude noble gases, but they offer higher purity and performance. Processed noble gases are used in a variety of applications, including electronics, semiconductors, and medical devices.

In addition, the key factors that drive the growth of the market are the increasing demand for noble gases in electronics, semiconductors, medical devices, etc.

****

Source: Primary Research, Secondary Research, _Market Research Future_ Database and Analyst Review

### **Noble Gase Market Application Insights**

The noble gas market is predominantly driven by the electronics segment of the industry. In 2023, the electronics segment made up 45% of the Noble Gase Market revenue, with the market size being equal to USD 6.78 billion. The number of electronic devices, such as smartphones, laptops, and tablets, is increasing, and the demand for these devices will also grow in the future, thus promoting the growth of the electronics segment. The medical segment is the second leading segment of the noble gas market, with a market share of 30% in 2023.

Noble gases are used in medical imaging, anesthesia, and respiratory therapy.The growth of the healthcare industry and the rising demand for minimally invasive treatment will promote the growth of the medical segment in the future. In 2023, the industrial segment made up 25% of the noble gas market. The industrial segment will retain moderate growth in the future. Noble gases are applied in various industrial uses, such as welding, metalworking, and food processing. The need of the manufacturing sector for noble gases will trigger the growth of the industrial segment.

### **Noble Gase Market Purity Insights**

Purity is a key segmentation factor in the Noble Gase Market, influencing market growth and industry dynamics. In 2023, the Ultra-high Purity segment (>99.9999%) dominated the market with a significant revenue share, catering to stringent requirements in semiconductor and electronics manufacturing. The [high-purity](../../../reports/high-purity-quartz-sand-market-7042) segment (99.995%-99.9999%) is also witnessing substantial growth, driven by rising demand from aerospace, medical, and scientific research applications. Medium Purity (99.95%-99.995%) finds applications in various industrial processes and is expected to maintain a steady growth trajectory.The market segmentation based on purity provides insights into the evolving preferences and technological advancements in the Noble Gase Market.

### **Noble Gase Market Regional Insights**

The regional segmentation of the Noble Gase Market reveals distinct market dynamics across various geographic regions. North America held a significant market share in 2023, owing to the presence of major technology hubs and a high demand for noble gases in industries such as electronics, healthcare, and aerospace. Europe is another key region driven by the automotive and manufacturing industries. The Asia-Pacific region is projected to witness substantial growth in the coming years due to rapid industrialization and urbanization.

South America and MEA are expected to contribute a smaller share of the overall market but are expected to experience steady growth.Overall, the Noble Gase Market is characterized by diverse regional market dynamics, with each region offering unique opportunities for growth.

****

Source: Primary Research, Secondary Research, _Market Research Future_ Database and Analyst Review

## **Noble Gase Market Key Players And Competitive Insights**

Major players in Noble Gase Market are continuously striving to maintain their foothold and expand their market presence. To gain a competitive advantage, leading Noble Gase Market players are investing in research and development, seeking strategic collaborations, and introducing innovative products and services. Key players in Noble Gase Market industry actively engage in mergers, acquisitions, and partnerships to strengthen their position in the market. Market leaders are also expanding their geographical reach by establishing new production facilities and distribution channels in emerging markets.

The competitive Noble Gase Market landscape is characterized by intense rivalry among existing players as well as the entry of new players, leading to continuous innovation, product differentiation, and aggressive pricing strategies.Among the leading Noble Gase Market players, Air Liquide SA stands out as a prominent participant. With a comprehensive portfolio of high-purity noble gases, Air Liquide SA caters to a diverse range of industries, including healthcare, electronics, and aerospace. The company's presence and strong distribution network enable it to effectively address the needs of its customers worldwide.

Air Liquide SA's commitment to innovation and technological advancement has positioned it as a leader in the noble gas industry.A notable competitor in the Noble Gase Market is Linde plc. Linde plc offers a broad range of noble gases, including helium, argon, neon, and mixtures, to customers in various industries. The company's extensive distribution network, advanced production facilities, and technical expertise allow it to meet the stringent requirements of its clients. Linde plc's emphasis on safety, quality, and sustainability has contributed to its strong reputation in the market.

### **Key Companies in the Noble Gase Market Include**

## Noble Gase Market Industry Developments

- **Q2 2025: Noble Corp. reports Q1 2025 results, secures $2.7 billion in new contracts** Noble Corporation announced nearly $2.7 billion in newly awarded offshore drilling contracts, including multiple long-term agreements with Shell and TotalEnergies. The contracts include two four-year deals with Shell for the Noble Voyager and another V-class 7th generation drillship, each valued at $606 million.
- **Q2 2025: Noble Gas Systems Receives USD 4.2 Million in Series B Funding** Noble Gas Systems closed a $4.2 million Series B funding round with participation from AP Ventures, ALIAD (Air Liquide), and NOVA by Saint-Gobain to advance commercialization of its high-pressure, lightweight gas storage and delivery systems.
- **Q1 2025: Noble Gas Systems Awarded $0.5 Million U.S. Department of Energy Prize supports U.S-based manufacturing of clean energy technology components** Noble Gas Systems received a $500,000 prize from the U.S. Department of Energy’s MAKE IT initiative to support U.S.-based manufacturing of its innovative conformable, compressed-gas storage system.
- **Q1 2025: Noble Gas Systems Achieves Important Technical Milestone; Completes Validation Tests of 350 Bar Hydrogen Conformable Vessel** Noble Gas Systems announced its conformable tank became the first-of-its-kind to pass a prescribed set of standard performance tests at 350 bar, validating its technology for automotive, defense, aviation, and bulk storage industries.
- **Q1 2025: Noble Gas Systems Awarded Phase II Competitive Grant from the National Science Foundation** Noble Gas Systems was awarded a Phase II Competitive Grant from the National Science Foundation to support ongoing development of its conformable high-pressure gas storage systems.
- **Q1 2025: Noble Corporation plc Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2024 Results** Noble Corporation reported new contracts with a total value of approximately $525 million, contributing to a backlog of $5.8 billion as of February 2025.

## **Noble Gase Market Segmentation Insights**

## Market Drivers

### Growth in Healthcare Applications

The Noble Gase Market is witnessing growth in healthcare applications, particularly in medical imaging and therapeutic procedures. Noble gases such as xenon are utilized in advanced imaging techniques, including MRI and CT scans, due to their unique properties. The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and the demand for diagnostic imaging are driving the need for noble gases in healthcare. In 2025, the healthcare sector is anticipated to represent a substantial portion of the noble gases market, as innovations in medical technology continue to evolve. This growth indicates a promising future for noble gases in medical applications, emphasizing their critical role in enhancing patient care.

### Emerging Markets and Economic Development

The Noble Gase Market is poised for growth due to emerging markets and economic development. Countries experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization are increasingly adopting technologies that require noble gases. For example, the rising demand for neon in signage and lighting applications is particularly pronounced in developing regions. As economies grow, the need for advanced technologies and infrastructure is likely to drive the consumption of noble gases. In 2025, emerging markets are expected to play a crucial role in the expansion of the noble gases market, suggesting a shift in demand dynamics as these regions become more integrated into the global economy.

### Rising Demand in Electronics Manufacturing

The Noble Gase Market is experiencing a notable increase in demand due to the electronics manufacturing sector. Noble gases, particularly argon and neon, are essential in the production of semiconductors and other electronic components. As The Noble Gase expands, driven by advancements in consumer electronics and telecommunications, the need for high-purity noble gases is expected to rise. In 2025, the electronics sector is projected to account for a significant share of the noble gases market, with argon usage in plasma etching processes being particularly prominent. This trend suggests that the noble gases market will continue to grow in tandem with the electronics industry, highlighting the interdependence of these sectors.

### Increased Focus on Environmental Regulations

The Noble Gase Market is being shaped by an increased focus on environmental regulations and sustainability practices. As industries strive to reduce their carbon footprint, noble gases are being recognized for their environmentally friendly properties. For instance, [helium](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/helium-market-8062) is used in cryogenics and as a lifting gas, offering a non-toxic alternative to other gases. The implementation of stricter environmental regulations is likely to drive the adoption of noble gases in various applications, including energy and manufacturing. In 2025, this trend may lead to a more significant market share for noble gases, as companies seek to comply with environmental standards while maintaining operational efficiency.

### Industrial Applications and Manufacturing Processes

The Noble Gase Market is significantly influenced by industrial applications, particularly in manufacturing processes. Noble gases are utilized in various industrial applications, including welding, [metal fabrication](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/metal-fabrication-market-23082), and the production of high-quality glass. The demand for argon in welding processes is particularly noteworthy, as it provides an inert atmosphere that enhances the quality of welds. In 2025, the industrial sector is expected to contribute substantially to the noble gases market, driven by the ongoing expansion of manufacturing activities across multiple sectors. This trend suggests that the noble gases market will continue to thrive as industries seek to improve efficiency and product quality.

## Future Outlook

The Noble Gases Market is projected to grow at a 3.25% CAGR from 2025 to 2035, driven by increasing demand in electronics, healthcare, and environmental applications.

**New opportunities:**

- Development of advanced cryogenic storage solutions
- Expansion into emerging markets with high industrial growth
- Innovative applications in renewable energy technologies

By 2035, the market is expected to achieve robust growth, solidifying its position in various industrial sectors.

## Segment Insights

### By Grade: Processed (Largest) vs. Crude (Fastest-Growing)

In the Noble Gase Market, the distribution of market share between the 'Processed' and 'Crude' segments reveals that 'Processed' holds the largest share. This segment comprises gases that have undergone extensive refinement to enhance purity and quality, making them integral in various applications, from cryogenics to electronics. Conversely, the 'Crude' segment is emerging, capturing a growing interest due to its cost-effectiveness and potential in diverse industrial uses, albeit with a smaller overall market presence.

Noble Gases: Processed (Dominant) vs. Crude (Emerging)

The 'Processed' segment of the Noble Gase Market is characterized by its high purity levels, essential for applications such as semiconductors, medical uses, and specialized industrial processes. It dominates the market due to its reliability and consistency, gaining preference among industries that prioritize performance. Meanwhile, the 'Crude' segment, though emerging, offers competitive pricing and untapped potential in less stringent applications. This segment appeals to cost-conscious sectors looking for noble gases without the need for extensive processing, indicating a shift in market dynamics as new opportunities arise.

### By Application: Electronics (Largest) vs. Medical (Fastest-Growing)

The Noble Gases Market has identified three significant application segments: Electronics, Medical, and Industrial. Among these, the Electronics sector holds the largest share, driven by the increasing demand for advanced electronic devices and components that require noble gases for manufacturing and performance enhancement. The Medical segment, while comparatively smaller, is rapidly gaining traction due to its crucial applications in medical imaging, anesthetics, and other healthcare technologies. The Industrial segment also plays a vital role, primarily in welding and production processes, but it lags behind the other two segments in terms of overall market share.

Electronics (Dominant) vs. Medical (Emerging)

The Electronics application segment of the noble gases market is characterized by its dominant role, as noble gases like neon and argon are essential for producing high-quality electronic displays and components. This sector benefits from the ongoing technological advancements and the trend toward increasingly sophisticated consumer electronics, ensuring consistent demand. Conversely, the Medical segment is emerging as a vital area for growth, with noble gases being utilized in various applications such as MRI scanning and laser surgery. The increasing focus on healthcare innovations and patient safety is propelling the medical sector's expansion, making it a key player in the noble gases market landscape.

### By Purity: Ultra-high Purity (Largest) vs. High Purity (Fastest-Growing)

In the Noble Gases Market, ultra-high purity gases, exceeding 99.9999%, command the largest share due to their critical applications in industries such as semiconductor manufacturing and aerospace. This segment's dominance is attributable to stringent quality requirements, ensuring optimal performance in high-tech processes. Following closely, high purity gases, falling within the range of 99.995% to 99.9999%, have also gained considerable traction, primarily driven by their rising demand in laboratories and medical applications.

High Purity (Dominant) vs. Medium Purity (Emerging)

The high purity segment is characterized by its robust market presence, particularly in sectors such as healthcare and electronics, where gas quality can significantly impact outcomes. In contrast, the medium purity segment, with purity levels between 99.95% and 99.995%, is emerging as a viable alternative, particularly for less critical applications. The increasing acceptance of medium purity gases in various manufacturing processes highlights a transition towards more cost-effective solutions, making them appealing for various industries looking to balance quality and expense.

## Regional Market Share Analysis

The regional segmentation of the Noble Gase Market reveals distinct market dynamics across various geographic regions. North America held a significant market share in 2023, owing to the presence of major technology hubs and a high demand for noble gases in industries such as electronics, healthcare, and aerospace. Europe is another key region driven by the automotive and manufacturing industries. The Asia-Pacific region is projected to witness substantial growth in the coming years due to rapid industrialization and urbanization.

South America and MEA are expected to contribute a smaller share of the overall market but are expected to experience steady growth.Overall, the Noble Gase Market is characterized by diverse regional market dynamics, with each region offering unique opportunities for growth.

## Competitive Benchmarking

Major players in Noble Gase Market are continuously striving to maintain their foothold and expand their market presence. To gain a competitive advantage, leading Noble Gase Market players are investing in research and development, seeking strategic collaborations, and introducing innovative products and services. Key players in Noble Gase Market industry actively engage in mergers, acquisitions, and partnerships to strengthen their position in the market. Market leaders are also expanding their geographical reach by establishing new production facilities and distribution channels in emerging markets.
The competitive Noble Gase Market landscape is characterized by intense rivalry among existing players as well as the entry of new players, leading to continuous innovation, product differentiation, and aggressive pricing strategies.Among the leading Noble Gase Market players, Air Liquide SA stands out as a prominent participant. With a comprehensive portfolio of high-purity noble gases, Air Liquide SA caters to a diverse range of industries, including healthcare, electronics, and aerospace. The company's presence and strong distribution network enable it to effectively address the needs of its customers worldwide.
Air Liquide SA's commitment to innovation and technological advancement has positioned it as a leader in the noble gas industry.A notable competitor in the Noble Gase Market is Linde plc. [Linde plc](https://www.linde.pl/en-US/pages/rare-gases) offers a broad range of noble gases, including helium, argon, neon, and mixtures, to customers in various industries. The company's extensive distribution network, advanced production facilities, and technical expertise allow it to meet the stringent requirements of its clients. Linde plc's emphasis on safety, quality, and sustainability has contributed to its strong reputation in the market.

## Recent News & Developments

- **Q2 2025: Noble Corp. reports Q1 2025 results, secures $2.7 billion in new contracts** Noble Corporation announced nearly $2.7 billion in newly awarded offshore drilling contracts, including multiple long-term agreements with Shell and TotalEnergies. The contracts include two four-year deals with Shell for the Noble Voyager and another V-class 7th generation drillship, each valued at $606 million.
- **Q2 2025: Noble Gas Systems Receives USD 4.2 Million in Series B Funding** Noble Gas Systems closed a $4.2 million Series B funding round with participation from AP Ventures, ALIAD (Air Liquide), and NOVA by Saint-Gobain to advance commercialization of its high-pressure, lightweight gas storage and delivery systems.
- **Q1 2025: Noble Gas Systems Awarded $0.5 Million U.S. Department of Energy Prize supports U.S-based manufacturing of clean energy technology components** Noble Gas Systems received a $500,000 prize from the U.S. Department of Energy’s MAKE IT initiative to support U.S.-based manufacturing of its innovative conformable, compressed-gas storage system.
- **Q1 2025: Noble Gas Systems Achieves Important Technical Milestone; Completes Validation Tests of 350 Bar Hydrogen Conformable Vessel** Noble Gas Systems announced its conformable tank became the first-of-its-kind to pass a prescribed set of standard performance tests at 350 bar, validating its technology for automotive, defense, aviation, and bulk storage industries.
- **Q1 2025: Noble Gas Systems Awarded Phase II Competitive Grant from the National Science Foundation** Noble Gas Systems was awarded a Phase II Competitive Grant from the National Science Foundation to support ongoing development of its conformable high-pressure gas storage systems.
- **Q1 2025: Noble Corporation plc Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2024 Results** Noble Corporation reported new contracts with a total value of approximately $525 million, contributing to a backlog of $5.8 billion as of February 2025.

## Report Scope

| MARKET SIZE 2024 | 16.6(USD Billion) |
| --- | --- |
| MARKET SIZE 2025 | 17.14(USD Billion) |
| MARKET SIZE 2035 | 23.6(USD Billion) |
| COMPOUND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE (CAGR) | 3.25% (2025 - 2035) |
| REPORT COVERAGE | Revenue Forecast, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, and Trends |
| BASE YEAR | 2024 |
| Market Forecast Period | 2025 - 2035 |
| Historical Data | 2019 - 2024 |
| Market Forecast Units | USD Billion |
| Key Companies Profiled | Air Products and Chemicals Inc (US), Linde plc (IE), Praxair Inc (US), Messer Group GmbH (DE), Noble Gas Solutions (US), Matheson Tri-Gas Inc (US), Air Liquide S.A. (FR), BASF SE (DE), Showa Denko K.K. (JP) |
| Segments Covered | Grade, Application, Purity, Regional |
| Key Market Opportunities | Growing demand for noble gases in advanced manufacturing and electronics sectors presents significant market opportunities. |
| Key Market Dynamics | Rising demand for noble gases in electronics manufacturing drives competitive dynamics and technological advancements in the market. |
| Countries Covered | North America, Europe, APAC, South America, MEA |

## Frequently Asked Questions

**Q: What is the current valuation of the Noble Gases Market as of 2024?**
A: The Noble Gases Market was valued at 16.6 USD Billion in 2024.

**Q: What is the projected market valuation for the Noble Gases Market in 2035?**
A: The market is projected to reach a valuation of 23.6 USD Billion by 2035.

**Q: What is the expected CAGR for the Noble Gases Market during the forecast period 2025 - 2035?**
A: The expected CAGR for the Noble Gases Market during the forecast period 2025 - 2035 is 3.25%.

**Q: Which companies are considered key players in the Noble Gases Market?**
A: Key players in the market include Air Products and Chemicals Inc, Linde plc, Praxair Inc, and others.

**Q: What are the main segments of the Noble Gases Market?**
A: The main segments of the market include Grade, Application, and Purity.

**Q: How did the Crude and Processed noble gases perform in terms of valuation in 2024?**
A: In 2024, the Crude segment was valued at 6.6 USD Billion, while the Processed segment reached 10.0 USD Billion.

**Q: What is the projected growth for the Electronics application segment by 2035?**
A: The Electronics application segment is projected to grow from 6.0 USD Billion in 2024 to 8.5 USD Billion by 2035.

**Q: What are the expected valuations for the High Purity noble gases segment in 2035?**
A: The High Purity segment is expected to grow from 5.0 USD Billion in 2024 to 7.0 USD Billion by 2035.

**Q: How does the Industrial application segment's valuation change from 2024 to 2035?**
A: The Industrial application segment's valuation is expected to increase from 6.6 USD Billion in 2024 to 9.6 USD Billion by 2035.

**Q: What is the anticipated market trend for Ultra-high Purity noble gases from 2024 to 2035?**
A: The Ultra-high Purity noble gases segment is anticipated to grow from 6.0 USD Billion in 2024 to 8.5 USD Billion by 2035.


---

*This Markdown endpoint is provided for AI systems and LLM crawlers. For the full interactive report visit https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/noble-gase-market-25414*
