# Automotive Plastics Market

> Automotive Plastics Market Research Report Information By Material (Polypropylene (PP), Polyurethane (PU), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polyethylene (PE), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Polyamides (PA), Polycarbonate (PC), and Other Materials), By Application (Exterior, Interior, Under Bonnet, and Other Applications), By Vehicle Type (Conventional/Traditional Vehicles and Electric Vehicles), By Source (Virgin Plastic, Recycled Plastic, and Bio-Based Plastic), And By Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of the World) – Market Forecast Till 2035.

- **Forecast Period:** 2026-2035
- **CAGR:** 7.7%
- **2025:** USD 29.25 Billion
- **2035:** USD 61.41 Billion
- **Key Players:** BASF SE, SABIC, LyondellBasell Industries N.V., Borealis AG, Covestro AG, Dow Inc., Celanese Corporation, Envalior

**Report ID:** MRFR/CnM/2168-CR · **Pages:** 111 · **Author:** Chitranshi Jaiswal · **Last Updated:** October 26, 2026

**URL:** https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/automotive-plastics-market-2954

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## Market Summary

As per Market Research Future analysis, the Automotive Plastics Market was estimated at 31.32 USD Billion in 2024. The automotive plastics industry is projected to grow from 32.7 USD Billion in 2025 to 50.3 USD Billion by 2035, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4% during the forecast period 2025 - 2035

## Market Drivers

## Driver Impact Analysis

| Driver | ~% Impact on CAGR | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fuel-economy and CO2 regulation | +1.6% | North America, Europe, China | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [1][2][4] |
| EV platform expansion | +1.9% | Asia-Pacific, Europe | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [3][5][6] |
| Higher thermal loads in downsized and hybrid powertrains | +0.9% | Global | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [8] |
| Recycled-content and circularity mandates | +0.8% | Europe, Japan, South Korea | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [9][10] |
| Production growth in emerging hubs | +1.1% | India, China, Mexico, Brazil | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [11][12][13] |
| Lighting, glazing and sensor integration | +0.6% | Global | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [14] |

### Fuel-Economy and CO2 Regulation

By model year 2031, the NHTSA's 2024 rule aims for a fleet-wide average of about 50.4 mpg [1]. According to EU Regulation 2023/851, CO2 emissions from new cars must be reduced by 55% by 2030 compared to 2021 levels [2]. According to U.S. Department of Energy estimates, fuel efficiency increases by 6–8% with a 10% mass reduction [4]. Due to their cheaper tooling costs compared to aluminum, plastics continue to be the most economical lever for automobile weight reduction. When OEMs rebalance a vehicle's mass budget, this keeps polymers first in line.

### EV Platform Expansion

Over 11 million of the 17 million electric vehicles sold worldwide in 2024 came from China [3]. This significantly exceeds the 20% NEV sales share targeted in the nation's industry plan for 2021–2035 [6]. High tracking resistance and UL 94 V-0 flame ratings are required for battery enclosures, module covers, and busbar holders [5]. Large polymer floor and underbody modules are made possible by the removal of transmission tunnels in flat skateboard layouts.

### Higher Thermal Loads in Downsized and Hybrid Powertrains

Turbocharged three- and four-cylinder engines push under-bonnet continuous-use temperatures toward 150–200°C. Hybrid cooling loops add further thermal stress. Polypropylene cannot survive those conditions, so OEMs specify glass-filled PA66, polyphthalamide and PBT for intake manifolds, charge-air ducts and radiator end tanks. Plastics already make up about half of a typical car's volume but only around 10% of its weight [8]. Each high-heat substitution therefore moves value toward premium resins.

### Recycled-Content and Circularity Mandates

The European Commission's July 2023 end-of-life vehicle proposal would require 25% of the plastic in new vehicles to come from recycled sources, with a quarter of that drawn from scrapped vehicles [9]. Japan's Plastic Resource Circulation Act, in force since April 2022, pushes OEMs and suppliers toward design-for-recycling [10]. These rules raise demand for certified recyclate and mono-material designs. They also create pricing tiers that favor suppliers with sorting and compounding capacity.

### Production Growth in Emerging Hubs

Global vehicle production reached roughly 92.5 million units in 2024 [11]. Incremental growth is concentrating in India, Mexico, Brazil and Southeast Asia. India's production-linked incentive scheme for automobiles and components carries an outlay of INR 25,938 crore [12]. Brazil's MOVER program allocates around BRL 19.3 billion in tax credits for low-carbon mobility investment [13]. Local compounding plants follow these assembly clusters, which shortens supply chains for bumpers, interior modules and fluid systems.

### Lighting, Glazing and Sensor Integration

Polycarbonate glazing can weigh up to 50% less than equivalent glass, and it enables the complex shapes needed for full-width LED light bars [14]. ADAS adoption adds radar-transparent fascias, lidar covers and camera housings that must hold tight optical tolerances. These parts command price premiums well above commodity mouldings. That premium lifts revenue growth faster than volume growth.

## Restraints

## Restraints Impact Analysis

| Restraint | ~% Impact on CAGR | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Crude-linked resin price volatility | −0.9% | Global | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [15] |
| Recycled resin cost premium and quality gaps | −0.6% | Europe | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [16] |
| Fragmented end-of-life dismantling | −0.5% | Global | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [9] |
| Metal re-substitution through large castings | −0.4% | North America, China | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [17] |
| Chemical-compliance burden | −0.4% | Europe, North America | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [18] |

### Crude-Linked Resin Price Volatility

In 2024, Brent crude saw significant intra-year fluctuations, averaging about USD 80 per barrel [15]. These swings are transferred to compounders in a matter of weeks by derivatives of propylene and benzene. Tier-1 molders absorb margin compression because annual OEM supply contracts seldom reset that quickly. In price-sensitive areas, this pressure causes capacity additions to be delayed.

### Recycled Resin Cost Premium and Quality Gaps

Less than 25% of the converter demand in Europe is still met by recycled polymers [16]. Due to the additional costs associated with sorting, cleaning, and property restoration, automotive-grade recyclate frequently trades higher than virgin resin. Additionally, mechanical recyclate has issues with odor and color constancy, which restricts its application in visible interior components.

### Fragmented End-of-Life Dismantling

The European Commission estimates that around 3.4 million vehicles a year disappear from official records, many exported or dismantled informally [9]. That leakage starves recyclers of feedstock. Mixed-material assemblies and painted parts further reduce recoverable plastic, which caps closed-loop volumes.

### Metal Re-Substitution Through Large Castings

Gigacasting replaces dozens of stamped and moulded parts with single aluminum castings. Toyota has outlined plans to cut process steps and plant investment through the approach [17]. Some brackets and underbody shields could revert to metal, which would erode polymer content per vehicle on certain platforms after 2030.

### Chemical-Compliance Burden

Five EU member states filed a restriction proposal in 2023 covering roughly 10,000 PFAS substances [18]. Fluoropolymer seals, wire coatings and processing aids in vehicles face reformulation. Phthalate rules and REACH registration also raise testing costs, and smaller compounders feel these costs disproportionately.

## Opportunities

## Automotive Plastics Market Opportunities

### Localized Compounding in Emerging Production Hubs

India's PM E-DRIVE scheme, with an outlay of INR 10,900 crore, supports electric two-wheelers, three-wheelers, buses and charging infrastructure [19]. Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam are courting Chinese EV assemblers. Suppliers that build compounding and colour-matching capacity near these clusters can cut logistics costs and win early platform nominations.

### Traceability Services and Material Passports

The EU Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation lays the groundwork for digital product passports [20]. Mass-balance certification such as ISCC PLUS already lets suppliers sell verified circular grades [21]. Compounders can monetize traceability data as a paid service, bundling chain-of-custody records, carbon footprints and recyclate certificates with resin supply contracts.

### Battery Enclosures and High-Voltage Components

Large battery lids, cell holders and 800-volt connectors need flame-retardant engineering thermoplastics with low warpage and high tracking resistance. Battery enclosures currently use steel and aluminum on many platforms. Polymer-composite enclosures offer weight and corrosion advantages, giving resin suppliers a sizable new component class.

### Bio-Based Polyamides and Polypropylene

Castor-oil-derived PA10.10 matches many PA66 properties with lower cradle-to-gate emissions. Sugarcane-based polypropylene runs on existing tooling without requalification of moulds. OEMs pursuing Scope 3 targets will pay premiums for these grades, especially in Europe and Japan.

### Radar-Transparent Exterior Modules

ADAS sensor fusion requires fascias and emblems that pass 77 GHz radar signals with minimal attenuation. Suppliers that co-engineer substrate, paint and sensor placement can capture higher-value exterior modules rather than commodity bumper skins.

## Future Outlook

## Automotive Plastics Market Future Outlook

### The Polymer-Intensive EV Architecture

The IEA projects that electric cars could exceed 40% of global car sales by 2030 under current policies [3]. That shift will reshape the Automotive Plastics Market's material mix. Demand will move from fuel systems and engine covers toward battery enclosures, thermal interface parts and high-voltage connectors. Suppliers with flame-retardant, low-warp grades will gain most.

### Regulated Circularity

Recycled-content quotas, digital product passports and design-for-dismantling rules will turn circularity into a procurement requirement [9][20]. OEMs will qualify fewer, better-documented grades. Chemical recycling capacity will grow because it can deliver virgin-equivalent quality for visible and safety-critical parts.

### Sensor-Dense, Software-Defined Vehicles

Software-defined vehicles carry more radar, lidar and camera modules, each needing precise polymer housings and covers. Simulation tools that predict warpage and radar attenuation before tooling will shorten development cycles. Exterior parts will increasingly be sold as engineered modules rather than mouldings.

### Supply-Chain Realignment and Carbon Accounting

Nearshoring to Mexico, Eastern Europe and India will redistribute compounding capacity. Corporate Scope 3 reporting will require resin-level carbon data, and suppliers will compete on certified footprint as well as price [21]. Bio-based and recycled grades will move from pilots into mainstream specifications.

## Segment Insights

## Automotive Plastics Market Segmentation

### By Material

Within the Automotive Plastics Market, Polypropylene (PP) leads on volume because it is cheap, light and easy to mould into bumpers, door panels and instrument carriers. Polyamides (PA) grow fastest as under-bonnet temperatures rise and battery covers shift to high-tracking nylon grades. Polycarbonate (PC) gains in glazing and lighting. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is losing ground in European interiors to phthalate-free thermoplastic polyolefins, while Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) holds its place in glossy trim.

| Segment | Key Metric (2025) | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Polypropylene (PP) | 31.9% share | Bumpers, door panels and interior carriers |
| Polyurethane (PU) | USD 3.80 Billion | Seating foams and NVH insulation |
| Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) | 7.6% share | Wire harness insulation and skins |
| Polyethylene (PE) | 6.1% CAGR (2026–2035) | Multilayer fuel tanks and liners |
| Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) | 9.8% share | Glossy interior trim and grilles |
| Polyamides (PA) | 8.3% CAGR (2026–2035) | High-heat engine and battery parts |
| Polycarbonate (PC) | USD 1.95 Billion | Glazing, panoramic roofs and LED lenses |
| Other Materials | 7.2% CAGR (2026–2035) | PBT and PPA in sensors and busbars |

### By Application

By application, the Automotive Plastics Market is led by Interior, which spans dashboards, consoles, seating and trim. Under Bonnet grows fastest as turbocharged engines and hybrid cooling loops raise operating temperatures and drive adoption of glass-filled PA66 and PPA. Exterior panels expand steadily as OEMs weigh lightweighting against repair costs. Other Applications, including fluid reservoirs and high-voltage connectors, shift toward higher-value engineering resins.

| Segment | Key Metric (2025) | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Exterior | USD 8.60 Billion | Bumpers, fascias and radar-transparent panels |
| Interior | 30.9% share | Dashboards, consoles and seating |
| Under Bonnet | 8.4% CAGR (2026–2035) | Intake manifolds and radiator end tanks |
| Other Applications | 19.4% share | Fluid reservoirs and high-voltage connectors |

### By Vehicle Type

Conventional / Traditional Vehicles still dominate the Automotive Plastics Market by volume, including hybrids that keep combustion under-bonnet parts. Electric Vehicles grow far faster because they carry more polymer per unit. Battery covers, floor modules and connector housings replace multiple metal stampings. Chinese EV makers specify the most structural plastics, though cost-driven redesigns could return some parts to metal after 2030.

| Segment | Key Metric (2025) | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Conventional / Traditional Vehicles | 76.6% share | Installed production base and hybrid variants |
| Electric Vehicles | 10.2% CAGR (2026–2035) | Battery enclosures and high-voltage components |

### By Source

Sourcing patterns in the Automotive Plastics Market remain dominated by Virgin Plastic, valued for consistent properties and supply. Bio-based Plastic grows fastest as OEMs hedge crude exposure and pursue carbon-neutral claims with PA10.10 and sugarcane-based polypropylene. Recycled Plastic gains on the back of EU quotas, but its price premium and color-stability limits slow adoption in visible parts.

| Segment | Key Metric (2025) | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Virgin Plastic | 73.6% share | Property consistency and supply security |
| Recycled Plastic | 8.9% CAGR (2026–2035) | EU recycled-content quotas |
| Bio-based Plastic | 10.1% CAGR (2026–2035) | Scope 3 targets and crude hedging |

## Regional Market Share Analysis

## Regional Market Share Analysis

| Region | Share of Global Revenue (2025) | Primary Investment Themes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Asia-Pacific | 47.6% | NEV platforms, localized compounding, battery components |
| North America | 20.1% | Light-truck lightweighting, nearshoring to Mexico |
| Europe | 22.4% | Recycled content, premium interiors, bio-based grades |
| South America | 5.3% | Flex-fuel and hybrid production incentives |
| Middle East and Africa | 4.6% | Emerging EV assembly, export-oriented plants |
| Total | 100.0% | — |

Regional demand in the Automotive Plastics Market tracks vehicle production, EV penetration and regulatory pressure on weight and recycled content. Asia-Pacific dominates on production scale, while Europe leads on circularity regulation and North America on large-vehicle polymer content.

### Asia-Pacific

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| China | 52.4% of regional revenue | NEV production scale and domestic resin supply |
| Japan | USD 2.08 Billion | Hybrid powertrains and high-heat resin expertise |
| India | 10.4% CAGR (2026–2035) | Production-linked incentives and EV schemes |
| South Korea | 7.8% of regional revenue | EV and battery component exports |
| Rest of Asia-Pacific | 8.1% CAGR (2026–2035) | Chinese EV assembly in Southeast Asia |

China anchors the Automotive Plastics Market in this region, accounting for over half of regional revenue on the strength of its NEV output and domestic resin integration [6]. Japan's suppliers lead in high-heat [polyamides](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/polyamides-market-5264) and polycarbonate glazing. India is the fastest-growing country as production-linked incentives expand component manufacturing [12]. South Korea benefits from battery and EV exports, while Southeast Asian markets draw Chinese EV investment.

### North America

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 74.5% of regional revenue | Light-truck lightweighting and EV programs |
| Canada | USD 0.52 Billion | Ontario assembly and battery investments |
| Mexico | 7.9% CAGR (2026–2035) | Nearshoring of vehicle and component production |

High light-truck and SUV production in the United States sustains heavy polymer content per vehicle in bumpers, interior modules and fluid systems. Fuel-economy and EPA multi-pollutant standards keep pressure on mass reduction [1][23]. Mexico is gaining share as OEMs and Tier-1 suppliers nearshore production. Canada contributes through Ontario's assembly base and emerging battery supply chain.

### Europe

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Germany | 31.6% of regional revenue | Premium OEM specifications and engineering resins |
| United Kingdom | 5.9% CAGR (2026–2035) | EV transition under zero-emission vehicle mandate |
| France | USD 0.98 Billion | Compact EV production and recycled-content pilots |
| Italy | 11.2% of regional revenue | Interior components and supplier clusters |
| Rest of Europe | 6.2% CAGR (2026–2035) | Central European assembly growth |

Germany's premium OEMs set material specifications for much of Europe, and the region leads the Automotive Plastics Market in recycled and bio-based adoption. The proposed end-of-life vehicle rules are already shaping design choices [9]. France and Italy contribute strong interior and compact-car demand. The United Kingdom faces slower growth as volumes recover unevenly after Brexit.

### South America

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Brazil | 64.0% of regional revenue | MOVER incentives and hybrid production |
| Argentina | 6.8% CAGR (2026–2035) | Pickup truck exports and recovery in output |
| Rest of South America | USD 0.21 Billion | Aftermarket and imported vehicle parts |

Brazil dominates regional demand through its flex-fuel and hybrid production base. The MOVER program's tax credits reward lower-emission vehicle investment, which encourages lighter material choices [13]. Argentina's output remains volatile because of currency swings, while smaller markets rely mostly on imported vehicles.

### Middle East and Africa

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Saudi Arabia | 7.4% CAGR (2026–2035) | Domestic EV assembly under Vision 2030 |
| South Africa | 33.5% of regional revenue | Export-oriented OEM production |
| Rest of Middle East Africa | USD 0.48 Billion | Replacement parts and imported vehicles |

Saudi Arabia is building domestic EV assembly under Vision 2030, creating new demand for interior and exterior polymer components. South Africa remains the region's established export production hub for European OEMs. The rest of the region relies on imported vehicles, which keeps demand concentrated in replacement parts.

## Competitive Benchmarking

## Competitive Benchmarking

The Automotive Plastics Market is moderately fragmented, with an estimated Herfindahl-Hirschman Index of roughly 650–750. The top five suppliers hold an estimated 30–36% of revenue. Integrated petrochemical majors dominate commodity polyolefins, while specialty firms compete on high-heat polyamides, polycarbonate and flame-retardant grades. Portfolio reshaping continues, with carve-outs and sovereign-fund acquisitions concentrating engineering resin capacity [22][24][25].

| Company | Est. Revenue Share Range | Key Offerings | Strategic Positioning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| BASF SE | ~7–9% | Polyamides, PBT, polyurethane systems | Broad portfolio with strong OEM co-development |
| SABIC | ~6–8% | Polypropylene compounds, polycarbonate | Scale in polyolefins and certified circular grades |
| LyondellBasell Industries N.V. | ~6–8% | Polypropylene compounds, TPO | Leader in bumper and interior compounds |
| Borealis AG | ~4–6% | Polypropylene compounds, recyclate blends | European circularity focus |
| Covestro AG | ~4–6% | Polycarbonate, polyurethane foams | Glazing, lighting and seating specialist |
| Dow Inc. | ~3–5% | Polyolefin elastomers, PU systems | Interior and sealing applications |
| Celanese Corporation | ~3–5% | Engineered polymers, polyamides | Expanded EV portfolio after M&M acquisition |
| Envalior | ~2–4% | High-performance polyamides, PBT | Specialty engineering materials joint venture |
| LG Chem Ltd. | ~2–4% | ABS, polycarbonate, compounds | Asian OEM and EV supply chain access |
| Mitsubishi Chemical Group | ~2–3% | Polypropylene, polycarbonate, composites | Japanese OEM relationships |
| Evonik Industries AG | ~1–3% | Specialty polyamides, PA12 | Fuel and brake line niches |
| Syensqo | ~1–3% | PPA, high-performance polymers | Under-bonnet and e-motor components |

## Recent News & Developments

## Recent News & Developments

- Envalior (April 2023): Launched as a joint venture combining Lanxess's high-performance materials and DSM's engineering materials businesses, creating a major polyamide and PBT supplier [22]
- European Commission (July 2023): Proposed end-of-life vehicle regulation with a 25% recycled plastic target for new vehicles, reshaping resin specifications [9]
- U.S. EPA (March 2024): Finalized multi-pollutant standards for model years 2027–2032, raising mass-reduction pressure on light vehicles [23]
- NHTSA (June 2024): Finalized fuel-economy standards for model years 2027–2031, sustaining lightweighting demand [1]
- Government of Brazil (June 2024): Enacted the MOVER program, offering tax credits for low-carbon mobility investment [13]
- Government of India (September 2024): Notified the PM E-DRIVE scheme with an outlay of INR 10,900 crore to support EV adoption [19]
- ADNOC and Covestro (October 2024): Agreed an acquisition valued at about EUR 14.7 billion, bringing polycarbonate and PU capacity under sovereign ownership [24]

## Report Scope

| Parameter | Details |
| --- | --- |
| Market Scope | Plastic materials used in exterior, interior, under-bonnet and other vehicle applications across conventional and electric vehicles, sourced as virgin, recycled or bio-based resin |
| Study Period | 2021–2035 |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Historical Data | 2021–2024 |
| Forecast Period | 2026–2035 |
| Market Size in 2025 | USD 29.25 Billion |
| Market Size in 2035 | USD 61.41 Billion |
| CAGR (2026–2035) | 7.7% |
| Fastest Growing Segments | Electric Vehicles (10.2% CAGR); Bio-based Plastic (10.1% CAGR); Under Bonnet (8.4% CAGR); Polyamides (PA) (8.3% CAGR) |
| Regions Covered | North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa and ROW |
| Companies Profiled | BASF SE, SABIC, LyondellBasell Industries N.V., Borealis AG, Covestro AG, Dow Inc., Celanese Corporation, Envalior, LG Chem Ltd., Mitsubishi Chemical Group, Evonik Industries AG, Syensqo |
| Valuation Currency | USD Billion |
| Methodology | 350+ primary expert interviews; bottom-up market sizing; top-down validation; data triangulation; scenario-based forecasting; real-time project tracking |

## Frequently Asked Questions

**Q: Which certifications should buyers request when sourcing recycled grades in the Automotive Plastics Market?**
A: Request ISCC PLUS or UL 2809 recycled-content validation alongside complete IMDS material declarations. These documents let OEMs audit mass-balance claims and prepare for EU recycled-content reporting [21].

**Q: How do PA66 and PPA compare for high-heat vehicle parts?**
A: PPA retains stiffness above 150°C and absorbs far less moisture than PA66. PA66 stays cheaper and easier to mould, so it remains the default where temperatures are moderate.

**Q: What decides the business case when converting a metal part to plastic?**
A: Part consolidation usually decides it. Merging several stamped pieces into one moulding cuts assembly steps, and injection tooling amortizes quickly at annual volumes above roughly 50,000 units.

**Q: Are mergers reshaping supplier power in the Automotive Plastics Market?**
A: Yes. The Envalior joint venture and ADNOC's agreed Covestro deal concentrate specialty capacity among fewer, better-capitalized owners, strengthening pricing leverage on engineering grades [22][24].

**Q: What integration challenges arise when placing radar sensors behind plastic fascias?**
A: Paint thickness, metallic flakes and wall-thickness variation attenuate 77 GHz radar signals. Suppliers now validate substrate and paint stacks together to keep signal loss within sensor tolerances.

**Q: How should investors assess bio-based capacity risk in the Automotive Plastics Market?**
A: Start with feedstock security, since castor oil and sugarcane supply concentrate in India and Brazil. Weather shocks there can swing bio-monomer prices faster than OEM contracts reset.

**Q: Which emerging vehicle category could add polymer demand after 2030?**
A: Purpose-built robotaxis and shared mobility vehicles. Their low-volume, high-mix production favors moulded structural floors and seat frames over costly steel stamping lines.


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