# Dispersing Agents Market

> Dispersing Agents Market Research Report Information By Formation Type (Water-Borne, Solvent-Borne, and Oil-Borne), By End-User Industry (Paints and Coatings, Oil and Gas, Construction, Paper and Pulp, Textile, and Other End-User Industries (Pharmaceutical, Agriculture, and Detergent Industry)), And By Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of the World) – Market Forecast Till 2035.

- **Forecast Period:** 2026-2035
- **CAGR:** 3.8%
- **2025:** USD 5.07 billion
- **2035:** USD 7.36 billion
- **Key Players:** BASF SE, Dow Inc., Evonik Industries AG, BYK (ALTANA AG), Clariant AG, Croda International Plc, The Lubrizol Corporation, Arkema S.A.

**Report ID:** MRFR/CnM/4138-HCR · **Pages:** 111 · **Author:** Chitranshi Jaiswal · **Last Updated:** October 23, 2026

**URL:** https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/dispersing-agents-market-5587

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## Market Summary

As per MRFR analysis, the Dispersing Agents Market Size was estimated at 15.81 USD Billion in 2024. The Dispersing Agents industry is projected to grow from 16.83 USD Billion in 2025 to 31.33 USD Billion by 2035, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.42% during the forecast period 2025 - 2035.

## Market Drivers

## Driver Impact Analysis

| Driver | ~% Impact on CAGR | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Low-VOC water-borne coatings transition | ~+0.9% | Global; strongest in EU, China, US | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [2][4][5][6] |
| Construction and infrastructure spending | ~+0.7% | Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [7][8][21] |
| Oilfield drilling and production chemicals | ~+0.4% | North America, Middle East and Africa, South America | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [9][10] |
| Agrochemical formulation upgrades | ~+0.4% | Asia-Pacific, South America | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [3][11] |
| Pharmaceutical suspensions and poorly soluble APIs | ~+0.3% | North America, Europe, India | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [12] |
| Battery electrode slurries and specialty pigments | ~+0.3% | Europe, Asia-Pacific, North America | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [13] |

### Low-VOC Water-borne Coatings Transition

Coating makers depend on dispersants to keep pigment particles separated once solvent leaves the recipe. The US EPA's national architectural coatings rule sets VOC ceilings under 40 CFR Part 59 [4], the EU Decopaint Directive limits water-based interior matt wall paint to 30 g/L [5], and China's GB 18582-2020 applies comparable limits to wall coatings [2]. Water-based systems already account for more than 80% of US architectural paint volume [6], and each reformulation typically raises dispersant loading per litre.

### Construction and Infrastructure Spending

Polycarboxylate and sulfonate dispersants act as superplasticisers in concrete, cutting water demand by up to 30% while preserving workability. Global cement output runs at roughly 4 billion tonnes a year [21], with Asia producing the bulk of it. India's Union Budget 2025–26 earmarked INR 11.21 lakh crore for capital expenditure [8], and PMAY-Urban 2.0 adds a multi-year housing pipeline [7], giving admixture and tile-adhesive suppliers sustained volume visibility.

### Oilfield Drilling and Production Chemicals

Drilling muds, cement slurries and crude-handling systems use dispersants to control viscosity, prevent asphaltene deposition and break emulsions. The IEA estimates upstream oil and gas investment at roughly USD 570 billion in 2025 [9], and deepwater activity in Guyana, Brazil and the Middle East is lifting demand for high-temperature lignosulfonate and synthetic polymer grades. Rig counts tracked by Baker Hughes [10] remain the most immediate lead indicator for this end use.

### Agrochemical Formulation Upgrades

Global pesticide use reached about 3.7 million tonnes of active ingredients in 2022, according to FAO [11]. Formulators are shifting from emulsifiable concentrates toward suspension concentrates and water-dispersible granules, which need dispersants to keep milled actives suspended through two-year shelf lives. The EU microplastics restriction [3] also pushes agrochemical producers toward biodegradable chemistries, opening premium price tiers in Brazil, India and Southeast Asia.

### Pharmaceutical Suspensions and Poorly Soluble APIs

Around 40% of marketed drugs and up to 90% of development candidates show poor water solubility, making nanosuspensions and wet-milled formulations a standard route to bioavailability. IQVIA projects global medicine spending to reach about USD 2.2 trillion by 2028 [12]. Pharmaceutical-grade dispersants such as poloxamers, polysorbates and povidone sell at several times the price of industrial grades, so modest volume gains translate into outsized value growth.

### Battery Electrode Slurries and Specialty Pigments

Lithium-ion cathode and anode slurries rely on dispersants to deagglomerate carbon black and carbon nanotubes before electrode coating. The IEA reports that electric car sales exceeded 17 million units in 2024 and that battery demand passed 1 TWh [13]. Every new gigafactory adds conductive-additive dispersion demand, and automotive OEM appetite for high-chroma effect pigments creates a second, higher-margin outlet in Europe and Asia-Pacific.

## Restraints

## Restraints Impact Analysis

Restraint weights are directional and partly overlapping. They describe downward pressure on the Dispersing Agents Market growth rate, not a precise deduction from the forecast CAGR.

| Restraint | ~% Impact on CAGR | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Raw material price volatility | ~−0.4% | Global | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [17] |
| Tightening chemical regulation (APEO, PFAS) | ~−0.3% | Europe, North America | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [14][15] |
| China property downturn | ~−0.3% | Asia-Pacific | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [16] |
| Additive consolidation and lower dosage | ~−0.2% | Global | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [20] |
| Upstream oil and gas cyclicality | ~−0.2% | North America, Middle East and Africa | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [10] |

### Raw Material Price Volatility

Most dispersants derive from ethylene oxide, acrylic acid, propylene and naphthalene, all tied to crude oil and natural gas. Brent averaged about USD 80 per barrel in 2024 [17], but European gas prices that spiked above EUR 300/MWh in August 2022 showed how quickly feedstock costs can double. Mid-sized formulators with thin contract coverage absorb margin compression or delay reformulation projects when prices swing.

### Tightening Chemical Regulation

REACH Annex XVII entry 46a bars nonylphenol ethoxylates above 0.01% by weight in textiles placed on the EU market from February 2021 [15], removing a low-cost dispersant family. In the US, the EPA's TSCA PFAS reporting rule requires manufacturers to report fluorinated substances produced since 2011 [14]. Compliance dossiers, toxicology testing and reformulation can cost several million US dollars per product line.

### China Property Downturn

China accounts for nearly half of Asia-Pacific demand, and its property sector remains weak. The National Bureau of Statistics reported a 10.6% decline in real estate development investment in 2024 [16], cutting consumption of concrete admixtures, [decorative paint](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/decorative-paint-market-26240) and tile adhesives. Producers with heavy exposure to Chinese construction face underused capacity and aggressive price competition from domestic suppliers.

### Additive Consolidation and Lower Dosage

Multifunctional wetting and dispersing additives let formulators cut total additive loading and drop separate defoamers or rheology modifiers. Additive suppliers report dosage reductions of 10–20% in optimised water-based systems [20]. That efficiency improves customer economics but reduces volume per tonne of finished paint, compressing the addressable pool even as coating output rises.

### Upstream Oil and Gas Cyclicality

Oilfield dispersant demand moves with drilling budgets. The Baker Hughes US rig count fell by roughly 5% between December 2023 and December 2024 [10], and operator capital discipline limits rapid rebounds. A sustained fall in crude prices would defer drilling programmes in North America and the Middle East, trimming demand for drilling-fluid and cementing dispersants within one or two quarters.

## Opportunities

## Dispersing Agents Market Opportunities

### Bio-based and Biodegradable Chemistries

Lignosulfonates, sugar-based esters and modified starches offer biodegradable alternatives as the EU microplastics restriction [3] and detergent eco-label criteria tighten. Producers that certify readily biodegradable grades can capture premiums of 15–30% over petrochemical incumbents, especially in agriculture and the detergent industry, where growth runs fastest.

### Emerging-Market Capacity Build-Out

Vietnam, Indonesia and Nigeria are adding decorative paint, textile and construction capacity faster than local additive supply can keep up. Brazil's Novo PAC programme, launched with BRL 1.7 trillion in planned investment [23], extends the opportunity to South America. Toll manufacturing or joint ventures with regional distributors can secure share before multinational coaters lock in supplier lists.

### Battery and Electronics Materials

Gigafactory construction in Europe, North America and India creates demand for dispersants tailored to high-solids electrode slurries and conductive carbon pastes [13]. Qualification cycles run 18–36 months, but once specified, a dispersant tends to remain locked in for the life of a cell platform.

### Formulation Data Platforms and Service Models

Suppliers hold decades of pigment-dispersant compatibility data. Packaging that knowledge into licensed digital formulation libraries, AI-assisted starting-point recipes or subscription technical-service bundles lets them monetise data beyond product sales. Paint makers in emerging markets, which often lack in-house application labs, are the natural first customers for this model.

### Pharmaceutical Excipients in India

India's Production Linked Incentive scheme for pharmaceuticals carries an outlay of INR 15,000 crore [22], expanding domestic production of complex generics and oral suspensions. Excipient-grade dispersants meeting USP and Ph. Eur. monographs can displace imports, and this Dispersing Agents Market niche offers margins well above industrial grades.

## Future Outlook

## Dispersing Agents Market Future Outlook

### Sustainability and Biodegradability Reporting

Corporate scope 3 targets are moving down the coatings and detergent value chains. The IEA ranks the chemical sector as the largest industrial energy consumer, and buyers now request product carbon footprints and biodegradability data at the additive level. Suppliers with mass-balance bio-attributed feedstocks and verified footprint data will win preferred-supplier status through 2035 [3].

### Electrification and Battery Materials

Battery demand passed 1 TWh in 2024 and is set to more than triple by 2030 under current policy settings, according to the IEA [13]. Electrode slurry dispersants, conductive carbon pastes and separator coatings will form a specialty segment with qualification barriers similar to pharmaceuticals, rewarding suppliers that co-locate technical teams with cell makers in Korea, China, Europe and the US.

### AI-Assisted Formulation

High-throughput robotics and machine-learning models are shortening dispersant screening from months to weeks. Suppliers are combining automated grind tests with predictive models of pigment-surface interaction, and coaters expect digital starting formulations as part of the sale. Technical service will shift from lab visits to data-driven recommendations, favouring suppliers with large proprietary datasets.

### Regional Supply-Chain Rebalancing

Tariff risk and energy-cost gaps are relocating capacity. BASF began closing energy-intensive units at Ludwigshafen in 2023 [18], while new specialty additive plants rise in India, the US Gulf Coast and Southeast Asia. By 2035, Asia-Pacific will supply a larger share of global dispersant output, and the Dispersing Agents Market will reward producers with dual-region sourcing.

## Segment Insights

## Dispersing Agents Market Segmentation

### By Formation Type

Water-borne grades lead the Dispersing Agents Market by formation type with a 51.5% share, reflecting VOC limits in architectural and industrial coatings [4][5]. Solvent-borne systems remain entrenched in protective, marine and coil coatings, where cure speed and corrosion resistance matter more than emissions. Oil-borne products grow fastest at a 4.2% CAGR as drilling fluids, lubricant additives and asphaltene control in crude handling expand with upstream investment [9].

| Segment | Key Metric (2025) | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Water-borne | 51.5% share | Low-VOC architectural and industrial coatings |
| Solvent-borne | USD 1.65 billion | Protective, marine and coil coatings |
| Oil-borne | 4.2% CAGR (2026–2035) | Drilling fluids and crude-handling additives |

### By End-user Industry

Paints and coatings remain the largest end use in the Dispersing Agents Market with a 38.5% share, built on pigment stabilisation in decorative and industrial systems, where pigment wetting agents and dispersants are typically specified together. Other end-user industries, covering pharmaceutical, agriculture and detergent industry applications, grow fastest at a 4.9% CAGR. Construction follows on superplasticiser demand, while oil and gas, paper and pulp, and textile provide steadier, cycle-linked volumes.

| Segment | Key Metric (2025) | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Paints and coatings | 38.5% share | Pigment stabilisation in decorative and industrial coatings |
| Oil and gas | USD 0.86 billion | Drilling muds, cementing and asphaltene control |
| Construction | 4.4% CAGR (2026–2035) | Concrete superplasticisers and tile adhesives |
| Paper and pulp | 9.0% share | Pitch control and filler dispersion |
| Textile | USD 0.46 billion | Disperse dyeing and fibre finishing |
| Other end-user industries (pharmaceutical, agriculture, detergent industry) | 4.9% CAGR (2026–2035) | Nanosuspensions, suspension concentrates and concentrated detergents |

## Regional Market Share Analysis

## Regional Market Share Analysis

| Region | 2025 Share (%) | Primary Investment Themes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| North America | 22.5% | Architectural repainting, oilfield chemicals, battery materials |
| Europe | 20.0% | Low-VOC compliance, bio-based chemistries, automotive coatings |
| Asia-Pacific | 44.0% | Fastest-growing region; construction, textiles, coatings capacity |
| South America | 6.5% | Agrochemical suspensions, infrastructure, deepwater oil |
| Middle East and Africa | 7.0% | Oil and gas, giga-projects, urban housing |
| Total | 100.0% | — |

Regional demand in the Dispersing Agents Market tracks the location of coatings, construction and textile capacity. Asia-Pacific dominates, North America and Europe are mature but value-rich, and South America and Middle East and Africa offer the steepest relative upside from a smaller base.

### North America

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 78.5% of regional market | Architectural repainting and oilfield chemicals |
| Canada | USD 0.13 billion | Oil sands processing and construction |
| Mexico | 4.1% CAGR (2026–2035) | Nearshoring of automotive and appliance manufacturing |

United States demand rests on a large architectural repaint cycle, the EPA's national VOC rule [4] and the Permian and Gulf of Mexico drilling base [10]. Canada's oil sands operations use dispersants in bitumen handling, while Mexico benefits from nearshoring of automotive and appliance production, which lifts industrial coating output. Battery plants announced across the US Southeast add a new specialty outlet [13].

### Europe

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Germany | 24.0% of regional market | Automotive OEM and industrial coatings |
| United Kingdom | USD 0.14 billion | Decorative paint and pharmaceutical formulation |
| Italy | 2.9% CAGR (2026–2035) | Ceramic tile and textile finishing |
| France | 15.5% of regional market | Construction chemicals and agrochemicals |
| Spain | USD 0.08 billion | Tile, construction and crop protection |
| Russia | 2.6% CAGR (2026–2035) | Oilfield chemicals under import substitution |
| NORDIC Countries | 6.0% of regional market | Pulp and paper processing |
| Turkey | 4.0% CAGR (2026–2035) | Textile exports and construction |
| Rest of Europe | USD 0.12 billion | Industrial coatings in Central and Eastern Europe |

Germany anchors European demand through automotive OEM coatings and a dense specialty chemicals base led by BASF, Evonik and ALTANA [18][19][20]. Regulation shapes the region more than volume: REACH restrictions [15] and the microplastics rule [3] reward suppliers with biodegradable and APEO-free portfolios. Turkey grows fastest on textile and construction exports, while Russia faces sanctions-related supply constraints.

### Asia-Pacific

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| China | 46.5% of regional market | Industrial coatings, textiles and battery materials |
| India | 5.8% CAGR (2026–2035) | Infrastructure, housing and pharmaceuticals |
| Japan | USD 0.25 billion | Electronics materials and automotive coatings |
| South Korea | 6.5% of regional market | Battery electrode slurries |
| Indonesia | 5.3% CAGR (2026–2035) | Construction and palm-based agrochemicals |
| Malaysia | USD 0.04 billion | Rubber gloves, electronics and coatings |
| Thailand | 2.5% of regional market | Automotive manufacturing and construction |
| Vietnam | 6.0% CAGR (2026–2035) | Relocated textile and furniture production |
| Rest of Asia-Pacific | USD 0.12 billion | Australian mining and construction chemicals |

China remains the single largest national Dispersing Agents Market, although property weakness [16] has shifted growth toward industrial coatings, batteries and textiles. India is the standout growth story, supported by infrastructure capex [8], PMAY-Urban 2.0 [7] and pharmaceutical incentives [22]. Vietnam and Indonesia gain from relocated textile and furniture manufacturing, and Japan and South Korea sustain high-value demand in electronics and battery materials.

### South America

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Brazil | 58.0% of regional market | Agrochemicals, pulp and deepwater oil |
| Argentina | USD 0.05 billion | Vaca Muerta shale drilling |
| Colombia | 4.3% CAGR (2026–2035) | Construction and crop protection |
| Rest of South America | 12.0% of regional market | Mining and coatings in Chile and Peru |

Brazil dominates through agrochemical formulation, pulp production and Petrobras-led deepwater activity, with Novo PAC [23] adding infrastructure demand. Argentina's Vaca Muerta shale development supports oilfield dispersant use, and Colombia grows on construction and crop-protection volumes. Currency volatility remains the main commercial risk across the region.

### Middle East and Africa

| Country | Key Metric (2025) | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Saudi Arabia | 27.0% of regional market | Drilling activity and giga-projects |
| South Africa | USD 0.05 billion | Mining and decorative paint |
| Qatar | 4.2% CAGR (2026–2035) | North Field LNG expansion |
| UAE | 15.5% of regional market | Real estate and re-export trade |
| Egypt | USD 0.03 billion | New capital and housing construction |
| Nigeria | 4.8% CAGR (2026–2035) | Urban housing and local paint production |
| Rest of Middle East and Africa | USD 0.07 billion | Oil and gas and infrastructure in Gulf and East Africa |

Saudi Arabia leads on drilling activity and Vision 2030 construction programmes, and the UAE adds demand from real estate and re-export trade. Qatar's North Field LNG expansion supports oilfield and construction chemicals. Nigeria and Egypt benefit from urban housing growth and rising local paint production, although foreign-exchange shortages can delay imports of specialty additives.

## Competitive Benchmarking

## Competitive Benchmarking

Dispersing Agents Market: The competition is fragmented. The market research firm Market Research Future forecasts a Herfindahl-Hirschman Index of between 550 and 650 and a top-five share of between 33% and 38%. Hundreds of regional companies supply lignosulfonates, naphthalene sulfonates and commodity surfactants. Global leaders compete on high-performance polymer chemistries, application labs and regulatory dossiers, not price [18, 19, 20, 25].

| Company | Est. Revenue Share Range | Key Offerings for Dispersing Agents Market | Strategic Positioning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| BASF SE | ~8–11% | Dispex and Efka dispersant ranges | Broadest portfolio; integrated feedstock |
| Dow Inc. | ~6–9% | Orotan and Tamol dispersants | Strength in architectural coatings |
| Evonik Industries AG | ~6–8% | TEGO Dispers additives | Premium water-based coatings focus |
| BYK (ALTANA AG) | ~5–7% | DISPERBYK additives | Specialty additive leader; battery push |
| Clariant AG | ~5–7% | Dispersogen dispersants | Pigment and agrochemical formulation |
| Croda International Plc | ~4–6% | Atlox and Hypermer ranges | Crop protection and bio-based grades |
| The Lubrizol Corporation | ~4–6% | Solsperse hyperdispersants | Inks, coatings and battery slurries |
| Arkema S.A. | ~3–5% | Coatex dispersants | Acrylic chemistry; paper and paint |
| Ashland Inc. | ~3–5% | Agrimer and povidone grades | Pharmaceutical and agricultural focus |
| Nouryon | ~2–4% | Morwet and Ethylan ranges | Agrochemical and oilfield surfactants |
| Kao Corporation | ~2–3% | Demol dispersants | Construction and textile in Asia |

## Recent News & Developments

## Recent News & Developments

- European Commission (September 2023): Adopted Regulation (EU) 2023/2055 restricting intentionally added synthetic polymer microparticles, forcing formulators of encapsulated agrochemicals and detergents toward biodegradable dispersant systems over phased transition periods [3]
- US Environmental Protection Agency (October 2023): Finalised the TSCA section 8(a)(7) PFAS reporting rule, raising compliance costs for fluorinated dispersants and accelerating hydrocarbon and silicone replacements [14]
- Government of Brazil (August 2023): Launched Novo PAC with BRL 1.7 trillion in planned investment across transport, housing and energy, supporting construction and coatings demand in South America [23]

- Government of India (August 2024): Approved PMAY-Urban 2.0 with INR 10 lakh crore of investment for 10 million homes, a multi-year driver for admixtures and decorative paint [7]
- International Energy Agency (May 2025): Reported in its Global EV Outlook that electric car sales exceeded 17 million in 2024, reinforcing demand for electrode slurry dispersants [13]

## Report Scope

| Parameter | Details |
| --- | --- |
| Market Scope | The Dispersing Agents Market covers water-borne, solvent-borne and oil-borne dispersing agents sold to paints and coatings, oil and gas, construction, paper and pulp, textile, and other end-user industries, including pharmaceutical, agriculture and detergent industry applications. |
| Study Period | 2021–2035 |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Historical Data | 2021–2024 |
| Forecast Period | 2026–2035 |
| Market Size in 2025 | USD 5.07 billion |
| Market Size in 2035 | USD 7.36 billion |
| CAGR (2026–2035) | 3.8% |
| Fastest Growing Segments | Other end-user industries (4.9% CAGR); Construction (4.4% CAGR); Oil-borne (4.2% CAGR) |
| Regions Covered | North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa and ROW |
| Companies Profiled | BASF SE, Dow Inc., Evonik Industries AG, BYK (ALTANA AG), Clariant AG, Croda International Plc, The Lubrizol Corporation, Arkema S.A., Ashland Inc., Nouryon, Kao Corporation |
| Valuation Currency | USD billion |
| Methodology | 350+ primary expert interviews; bottom-up market sizing; top-down validation; data triangulation; scenario-based forecasting; real-time project tracking |

## Frequently Asked Questions

**Q: How should buyers qualify a new supplier in the Dispersing Agents Market?**
A: Run side-by-side grind trials measuring Hegman fineness, colour strength and viscosity stability after four weeks at 50°C. Request REACH or TSCA registration status and batch-to-batch consistency data before signing volume contracts [15].

**Q: Are high-molecular-weight dispersants worth their price premium over conventional grades?**
A: Usually yes in high-value coatings. These grades can cost two to four times more per kilogram but often cut dosage and improve colour development, lowering cost per litre of finished paint [20].

**Q: How are supply contracts in the Dispersing Agents Market typically priced?**
A: Large buyers increasingly use index-linked contracts tied to acrylic acid, ethylene oxide or propylene benchmarks, with quarterly resets. This structure shares feedstock risk and spread across the Dispersing Agents Market after the 2022 energy price shock [17].

**Q: Which emerging applications could open new demand?**
A: Inkjet inks, ceramic slurries for additive manufacturing and solid-state battery electrolytes all need stable sub-micron particle suspensions. These niches are small but carry premium pricing and long qualification lock-in, making them attractive entry points in the Dispersing Agents Market [13].

**Q: What makes the Dispersing Agents Market attractive to private equity and strategic investors?**
A: Specialty grades combine sticky customer qualification, low capital intensity and recurring reformulation demand. The fragmented Dispersing Agents Market offers many regional bolt-on targets that bring application labs and local registrations quickly [25].

**Q: What integration problems arise when switching dispersants in an existing formula?**
A: New dispersants can interact with defoamers, thickeners and biocides, causing foam, viscosity drift or colour float. Formulators should re-test the full additive package and complete at least one heat-aged stability cycle before scale-up [6].

**Q: How does REACH registration affect smaller suppliers entering Europe?**
A: Any substance imported above one tonne per year needs a REACH registration, and higher-tonnage dossiers can cost several hundred thousand euros. Many smaller producers enter Europe through an Only Representative or a distributor holding existing registrations [15].


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