Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market Summary

As per Market Research Future analysis, the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market Size was estimated at 6.774 USD Billion in 2024. The Artificial Intelligence Sensor industry is projected to grow from 8.235 USD Billion in 2025 to 58.08 USD Billion by 2035, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 21.57% during the forecast period 2025 - 2035

Key Market Trends & Highlights

The Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market is experiencing robust growth driven by diverse applications across various sectors.

The market is witnessing increased adoption in healthcare, particularly in diagnostic imaging and patient monitoring systems.
Automotive applications are expanding rapidly, with AI sensors enhancing safety and autonomous driving capabilities.
North America remains the largest market, while the Asia-Pacific region is recognized as the fastest-growing area for AI sensor technologies.
Key drivers include the rising demand for smart devices and advancements in machine learning algorithms, particularly in the robotics and automation segment.

Market Size & Forecast

2024 Market Size	6.774 (USD Billion)
2035 Market Size	58.08 (USD Billion)
CAGR (2025 - 2035)	21.57%

Major Players

Siemens (DE), Honeywell (US), Bosch (DE), General Electric (US), Texas Instruments (US), NVIDIA (US), Analog Devices (US), STMicroelectronics (FR), Infineon Technologies (DE)

Our Impact

Enabled $4.3B Revenue Impact for Fortune 500 and Leading Multinationals

Partnering with 2000+ Global Organizations Each Year

30K+ Citations by Top-Tier Firms in the Industry

Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market Trends

The Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market is currently experiencing a transformative phase, driven by advancements in technology and increasing demand for automation across various sectors. The integration of artificial intelligence into sensor technology enhances data collection and analysis, leading to improved decision-making processes. Industries such as healthcare, automotive, and manufacturing are increasingly adopting these intelligent sensors to optimize operations, enhance safety, and improve user experiences. As organizations seek to leverage data for competitive advantage, the role of AI sensors becomes more pronounced, suggesting a robust growth trajectory for the market. Moreover, the ongoing evolution of smart devices and the Internet of Things (IoT) is likely to further propel the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market. The convergence of AI with IoT enables real-time data processing and intelligent responses, which could revolutionize how businesses operate. This synergy not only enhances operational efficiency but also fosters innovation in product development. As the market continues to mature, stakeholders must remain vigilant to emerging trends and technological advancements that could shape the future landscape of AI sensors.

Increased Adoption in Healthcare

The healthcare sector is witnessing a notable shift towards the utilization of artificial intelligence sensors. These devices facilitate remote patient monitoring, enabling healthcare providers to gather critical data efficiently. This trend appears to enhance patient outcomes and streamline healthcare delivery.

Growth in Automotive Applications

The automotive industry is increasingly integrating artificial intelligence sensors into vehicles. This trend suggests a move towards enhanced safety features and autonomous driving capabilities. As consumer demand for smart vehicles rises, the role of AI sensors in this sector is likely to expand.

Expansion in Industrial Automation

Industrial automation is experiencing a significant transformation with the incorporation of artificial intelligence sensors. These sensors are pivotal in optimizing manufacturing processes and improving operational efficiency. This trend indicates a broader shift towards smart factories and Industry 4.0.

Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market Drivers

Rising Demand for Smart Devices

The proliferation of smart devices is a key driver for the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market. As consumers increasingly adopt smart home technologies, the demand for sensors that can integrate with these devices has surged. For instance, the market for smart home devices is projected to reach USD 174 billion by 2025, indicating a robust growth trajectory. This trend necessitates advanced sensors capable of processing data in real-time, thereby enhancing user experience and functionality. Furthermore, the integration of AI in these sensors allows for improved decision-making capabilities, making them more appealing to manufacturers and consumers alike. Consequently, the rising demand for smart devices is likely to propel the growth of the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market, as companies strive to innovate and meet consumer expectations.

Integration of AI in Industrial IoT

The integration of artificial intelligence in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a pivotal driver for the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market. As industries increasingly adopt IoT technologies, the need for intelligent sensors that can collect and analyze data in real-time becomes paramount. The IIoT market is expected to reach USD 1.1 trillion by 2025, with a significant portion attributed to AI-driven sensor technologies. These sensors enhance operational efficiency, predictive maintenance, and supply chain management, thereby reducing costs and improving productivity. As industries recognize the value of AI in optimizing processes, the demand for advanced sensors is likely to escalate, further fueling the growth of the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market.

Increased Investment in Smart Cities

The Artificial Intelligence Sensor Industry. Governments and municipalities are investing heavily in infrastructure that incorporates AI-driven sensors to enhance urban living. For instance, the smart city market is anticipated to reach USD 2.57 trillion by 2025, with a substantial portion allocated to sensor technologies. These sensors play a pivotal role in traffic management, waste management, and energy efficiency, thereby improving the quality of life for residents. As cities become more interconnected, the demand for sophisticated AI sensors that can analyze and respond to real-time data will likely increase, further propelling the growth of the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market.

Growing Focus on Environmental Monitoring

The heightened awareness of environmental issues is driving the demand for AI sensors in the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market. As climate change and pollution become pressing concerns, there is a growing need for advanced monitoring systems that can provide real-time data on air and water quality. The environmental monitoring market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 20% over the next five years, indicating a robust demand for AI-enabled sensors. These sensors can analyze environmental data more accurately and provide actionable insights, which is crucial for regulatory compliance and public health. Consequently, the focus on environmental monitoring is likely to stimulate innovation and investment in the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market.

Advancements in Machine Learning Algorithms

The continuous evolution of machine learning algorithms significantly influences the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market. Enhanced algorithms enable sensors to process vast amounts of data more efficiently, leading to improved accuracy and reliability. For example, the implementation of deep learning techniques has shown to enhance object recognition capabilities in sensors, which is crucial for applications in security and surveillance. As machine learning technology matures, it is expected that the market for AI sensors will expand, with a projected growth rate of 25% annually over the next five years. This advancement not only boosts the performance of existing sensors but also opens avenues for new applications, thereby driving the overall growth of the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market.

Market Segment Insights

By Sensor Type: Image Sensors (Largest) vs. Lidar Sensors (Fastest-Growing)

In the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market, image sensors dominate the segment with a significant share, driven by their extensive use in applications such as surveillance, automotive, and smart devices. Their integration into complex AI algorithms allows for enhanced image recognition capabilities, which solidify their leading position. Following closely are lidar sensors, which have been rapidly gaining traction. Their unique ability to create detailed 3D maps makes them invaluable in autonomous vehicles and robotics, contributing to their increasing market share. As technology progresses, the growth trends in these segments showcase a clear inclination towards advanced sensing capabilities. Continuous developments in AI and machine learning fuel the demand for more sophisticated image and lidar sensors. The growing adoption of automation across various industries, coupled with the push for intelligent transportation systems, is a key driver for the surge in lidar sensors, marking them as the fastest-growing component in the market.

Image Sensors (Dominant) vs. Radar Sensors (Emerging)

Image sensors play a dominant role in the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market, primarily due to their versatility and effectiveness in capturing high-quality visuals across various applications. Their established technology benefits industries ranging from consumer electronics to industrial automation. Meanwhile, radar sensors are emerging as a competitive player in this space. While historically used in military and aviation, advancements in radar technology are paving the way for new applications in automotive and security systems. Both sensor types are increasingly utilized in tandem with AI to enhance object detection and tracking capabilities, establishing a robust market position.

By Application: Robotics and Automation (Largest) vs. Healthcare and Medical (Fastest-Growing)

The Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market is witnessing a robust distribution across various applications. Robotics and automation hold the largest market share, driven by their integration in manufacturing and service industries. This segment's implementation enhances operational efficiency and reduces labor costs, making it a preferred choice among enterprises. Meanwhile, the healthcare and medical sector is gaining traction due to the rising demand for advanced monitoring and diagnostic tools, which rely heavily on AI sensor technology to provide accurate data and improve patient outcomes.

Healthcare and Medical (Dominant) vs. Automotive and Transportation (Emerging)

The healthcare and medical segment is currently dominant within the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market, propelled by the increasing need for intelligent systems that can facilitate real-time patient monitoring and automated diagnostics. AI sensors enable healthcare professionals to obtain precise data swiftly, thereby enhancing decision-making and treatment efficacy. On the other hand, the automotive and transportation sector is emerging rapidly, leveraging AI sensors for advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicles. This segment's growth is fueled by the push for greater safety, efficiency, and the adoption of smart transportation solutions.

By Technology: Machine Learning (Largest) vs. Deep Learning (Fastest-Growing)

The Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market is primarily divided into four segments: Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Computer Vision, and Natural Language Processing. Among these, Machine Learning holds the largest market share as it has been widely adopted across various industries for its predictive analytics capabilities. In contrast, Deep Learning is noted for its rapid expansion, driven by advancements in neural networks and an increasing volume of data that requires sophisticated processing. Growth trends indicate a significant shift towards automated and intelligent systems. Factors propelling this sector include technological advancements, enhanced computational power, and escalating demand for smart sensors in industries such as automotive, healthcare, and security. As businesses seek to leverage data for strategic insights, both Machine Learning and Deep Learning are becoming indispensable tools for enhancing operational efficiency.

Technology: Machine Learning (Dominant) vs. Deep Learning (Emerging)

Machine Learning is considered the dominant force within the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market due to its proven effectiveness and widespread application in areas like predictive maintenance and anomaly detection. Its adaptability allows it to meet diverse industry needs, ensuring rapid scalability. Conversely, Deep Learning emerges as a significant player in this landscape by excelling in tasks that involve large datasets and complex patterns, including image and speech recognition. With the rise of edge computing and IoT, the demand for Deep Learning is projected to surge as it becomes increasingly integrated into next-generation sensor technologies. This transition highlights the importance of both Machine Learning and Deep Learning in crafting intelligent solutions across various sectors.

By End User: Commercial (Largest) vs. Consumer (Fastest-Growing)

The Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market is characterized by a diverse range of end users, with the commercial segment commanding the largest share. This segment encompasses various applications in sectors such as manufacturing, logistics, and smart buildings. Meanwhile, the consumer sector, which includes smart home devices and personal electronics, is witnessing rapid growth and is expected to continue expanding as technology adoption increases. As businesses and individuals recognize the benefits of AI sensors, the market is evolving to meet diverse demands across these segments. Growth trends in the end-user segment of the AI sensor market are primarily driven by advancements in technology and increasing demand for automation and smart solutions. The commercial sector is leveraging AI sensors for enhanced operational efficiency and data analytics, leading to improved decision-making. At the same time, the consumer segment is driven by rising disposable incomes and a growing interest in connected devices, promoting a surge in smart home technologies. This dual momentum creates a dynamic environment for AI sensor applications across markets, enhancing overall market potential.

Commercial: Dominant vs. Consumer: Emerging

In the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market, the commercial segment stands out as the dominant force, largely due to its extensive applications across various industries such as transportation, healthcare, and manufacturing. Businesses are increasingly integrating AI sensors into their operations to optimize efficiency, enhance safety, and drive innovation. This segment benefits from significant investments in infrastructure and technology, positioning it as a leader in market adoption. Conversely, the consumer segment, while emerging, is rapidly gaining traction, particularly with the proliferation of smart home devices and personal gadgets. Consumers are drawn to AI-powered technologies that provide convenience and enhance lifestyle experiences. As more households embrace digital technologies, the consumer sector is poised for significant growth, fostering a competitive landscape between these two key end-user categories in the AI sensor market.

By Deployment: Cloud-Based (Largest) vs. Edge-Based (Fastest-Growing)

In the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market, the deployment segment exhibits a diverse distribution among Cloud-Based, On-Premise, and Edge-Based solutions. Currently, Cloud-Based systems hold the largest market share due to their scalability, ease of access, and the growing demand for remote data processing capabilities. In contrast, On-Premise solutions, while traditional, are witnessing a steady decline as organizations increasingly opt for more flexible options. Edge-Based deployment is capturing attention as it addresses the need for real-time data processing at the source, leading to new implementations in various industries.

Deployment Model: Cloud-Based (Dominant) vs. Edge-Based (Emerging)

The Cloud-Based deployment model in the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market is characterized by its ability to facilitate large-scale data collection and processing without heavy initial investments in infrastructure. It provides advantages such as flexibility, automatic updates, and enhanced collaboration among distributed teams. However, the Edge-Based model is becoming increasingly significant due to its capacity for processing data in real time, reducing latency, and minimizing bandwidth use. This model is particularly valuable in scenarios requiring instantaneous decision-making, such as autonomous vehicles and smart city implementations. Companies are now exploring this emerging technology to leverage its speed and efficiency, positioning it as a complementary solution to existing cloud and on-premise systems.

Get more detailed insights about Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market

Request Free Sample

Regional Insights

North America : Innovation and Investment Hub

North America is the largest market for artificial intelligence sensors, holding approximately 45% of the global market share. The region's growth is driven by significant investments in AI technology, increasing demand for automation across various sectors, and supportive government regulations promoting innovation. The U.S. leads in market share, followed closely by Canada, which contributes around 15% to the overall market. The competitive landscape in North America is robust, featuring key players such as Honeywell, General Electric, and Texas Instruments. These companies are at the forefront of technological advancements, focusing on developing cutting-edge AI sensors for applications in healthcare, automotive, and industrial sectors. The presence of established tech hubs and research institutions further enhances the region's market dynamics.

Europe : Regulatory Support and Growth

Europe is witnessing rapid growth in the artificial intelligence sensor market, accounting for approximately 30% of the global share. The region benefits from stringent regulations that encourage the adoption of AI technologies, particularly in sectors like automotive and healthcare. Germany and France are the largest markets, with Germany alone holding about 18% of the market share, driven by its strong manufacturing base and innovation in sensor technologies. Leading countries in Europe include Germany, France, and the UK, with a competitive landscape featuring major players like Bosch and STMicroelectronics. The European market is characterized by a focus on sustainability and ethical AI, which is shaping product development and regulatory frameworks. The European Commission emphasizes the importance of AI in enhancing industrial competitiveness and innovation. "The European Union aims to be a global leader in AI, ensuring that it is human-centric and sustainable."

Asia-Pacific : Rapid Growth and Adoption

Asia-Pacific is emerging as a significant player in the artificial intelligence sensor market, holding around 20% of the global market share. The region's growth is fueled by rapid industrialization, increasing investments in smart city initiatives, and a growing demand for automation in manufacturing. China is the largest market in the region, contributing approximately 12% to the global share, followed by Japan and South Korea. The competitive landscape in Asia-Pacific is diverse, with key players like Siemens and Infineon Technologies leading the charge. The region is characterized by a strong focus on research and development, with governments actively promoting AI adoption through various initiatives. The presence of a large consumer base and technological advancements further bolster the market's growth potential.

Middle East and Africa : Emerging Market Potential

The Middle East and Africa region is gradually emerging in the artificial intelligence sensor market, currently holding about 5% of the global share. The growth is driven by increasing investments in technology and infrastructure, particularly in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The UAE and Saudi Arabia are the leading markets, focusing on smart city projects and digital transformation initiatives. The competitive landscape is still developing, with local and international players vying for market share. Companies are increasingly investing in AI technologies to enhance operational efficiency across various sectors, including oil and gas, healthcare, and transportation. The region's potential for growth is significant, as governments prioritize technology adoption to drive economic diversification and innovation.

Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market Regional Image

Key Players and Competitive Insights

The Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market is currently characterized by a dynamic competitive landscape, driven by rapid technological advancements and increasing demand for automation across various sectors. Key players such as Siemens (DE), Honeywell (US), and NVIDIA (US) are strategically positioning themselves through innovation and partnerships, which collectively enhance their market presence. Siemens (DE) focuses on integrating AI capabilities into its sensor technologies, thereby improving efficiency and performance in industrial applications. Meanwhile, Honeywell (US) emphasizes the development of smart sensors that leverage AI for enhanced data analytics, catering to the growing need for intelligent building solutions. NVIDIA (US), on the other hand, is concentrating on AI-driven sensor technologies that support autonomous systems, particularly in the automotive sector, indicating a shift towards more sophisticated applications of AI in sensor technology.The business tactics employed by these companies reflect a concerted effort to optimize supply chains and localize manufacturing, which is crucial in a moderately fragmented market. This competitive structure allows for a diverse range of offerings, yet the influence of major players remains significant. The collective strategies of these companies not only enhance their operational efficiencies but also contribute to a more resilient market environment, capable of adapting to changing consumer demands and technological advancements.
In August Siemens (DE) announced a partnership with a leading AI research institute to develop next-generation sensors that utilize machine learning algorithms for predictive maintenance in manufacturing. This strategic move is likely to bolster Siemens' position in the industrial sector by providing clients with advanced tools for operational efficiency, thereby reducing downtime and maintenance costs. The collaboration underscores the importance of integrating cutting-edge research into practical applications, which is essential for maintaining competitive advantage in the rapidly evolving AI sensor landscape.
In September Honeywell (US) launched a new line of AI-enhanced environmental sensors designed for smart cities. This initiative not only aligns with The Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market. By focusing on environmental monitoring, Honeywell is tapping into a growing demand for solutions that address urban challenges, thus enhancing its market share and reinforcing its commitment to innovation in sensor technology.
In July NVIDIA (US) unveiled a breakthrough in AI sensor technology aimed at the automotive industry, specifically for autonomous vehicles. This development is pivotal as it enhances the capabilities of self-driving systems, allowing for improved safety and efficiency. NVIDIA's focus on AI integration within sensor technology reflects a broader trend towards automation and intelligent systems, which is likely to shape the future of transportation and mobility solutions.
As of October the competitive trends in the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market are increasingly defined by digitalization, sustainability, and the integration of AI technologies. Strategic alliances among key players are fostering innovation and enhancing product offerings, which is crucial in a landscape that is shifting towards more sophisticated technological solutions. The evolution of competitive differentiation appears to be moving away from traditional price-based competition, emphasizing instead the importance of innovation, technological advancement, and supply chain reliability. This shift suggests that companies that prioritize these aspects will likely emerge as leaders in the market.

Key Companies in the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market include

Industry Developments

Q2 2024: Siemens and Microsoft enhance Industrial Copilot with Azure OpenAI Siemens and Microsoft announced an enhancement to their Industrial Copilot platform, integrating Azure OpenAI to improve automation and AI-driven sensor capabilities for industrial customers. Over 100 companies, including Schaeffler and thyssenkrupp, are using the platform to streamline processes and drive innovation.

Future Outlook

Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market Future Outlook

The Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market is projected to grow at a 21.57% CAGR from 2025 to 2035, driven by advancements in IoT, automation, and data analytics.

New opportunities lie in:

Development of AI-integrated environmental monitoring systems Expansion of smart home sensor networks Creation of predictive maintenance solutions for industrial applications

By 2035, the market is expected to be robust, driven by innovation and diverse applications.

Market Segmentation

Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market End User Outlook

Commercial
Consumer
Government

Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market Deployment Outlook

Cloud-Based
On-Premise
Edge-Based

Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market Technology Outlook

Machine Learning
Deep Learning
Computer Vision
Natural Language Processing

Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market Application Outlook

Robotics and Automation
Healthcare and Medical
Automotive and Transportation
Security and Surveillance
Industrial and Manufacturing

Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market Sensor Type Outlook

Image Sensors
Radar Sensors
Lidar Sensors
Ultrasonic Sensors

Report Scope

MARKET SIZE 2024	6.774(USD Billion)
MARKET SIZE 2025	8.235(USD Billion)
MARKET SIZE 2035	58.08(USD Billion)
COMPOUND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE (CAGR)	21.57% (2025 - 2035)
REPORT COVERAGE	Revenue Forecast, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, and Trends
BASE YEAR	2024
Market Forecast Period	2025 - 2035
Historical Data	2019 - 2024
Market Forecast Units	USD Billion
Key Companies Profiled	Siemens (DE), Honeywell (US), Bosch (DE), General Electric (US), Texas Instruments (US), NVIDIA (US), Analog Devices (US), STMicroelectronics (FR), Infineon Technologies (DE)
Segments Covered	Sensor Type, Application, Technology, End User, Deployment, Regional
Key Market Opportunities	Integration of advanced machine learning algorithms enhances predictive maintenance in the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market.
Key Market Dynamics	Rising demand for advanced automation drives innovation and competition in the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market.
Countries Covered	North America, Europe, APAC, South America, MEA

FAQs

What is the projected market valuation of the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market by 2035?

The projected market valuation for the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market is expected to reach 58.08 USD Billion by 2035.

What was the market valuation of the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market in 2024?

The overall market valuation of the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market was 6.774 USD Billion in 2024.

What is the expected CAGR for the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market during the forecast period 2025 - 2035?

The expected CAGR for the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market during the forecast period 2025 - 2035 is 21.57%.

Which companies are considered key players in the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market?

Key players in the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market include Siemens, Honeywell, Bosch, General Electric, Texas Instruments, NVIDIA, Analog Devices, STMicroelectronics, and Infineon Technologies.

What are the projected valuations for different sensor types in the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market?

Projected valuations for sensor types include Image Sensors at 20.0 USD Billion, Radar Sensors at 12.0 USD Billion, Lidar Sensors at 10.0 USD Billion, and Ultrasonic Sensors at 16.08 USD Billion.

How does the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market perform across various applications?

In terms of applications, Robotics and Automation is projected at 12.0 USD Billion, Healthcare and Medical at 10.0 USD Billion, Automotive and Transportation at 15.0 USD Billion, and Security and Surveillance at 10.0 USD Billion.

What are the anticipated valuations for different technologies within the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market?

Anticipated valuations for technologies include Computer Vision at 18.0 USD Billion, Natural Language Processing at 18.08 USD Billion, Machine Learning at 12.0 USD Billion, and Deep Learning at 10.0 USD Billion.

What is the expected market performance for different end users in the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market?

Expected market performance for end users includes Government at 28.08 USD Billion, Consumer at 18.0 USD Billion, and Commercial at 12.0 USD Billion.

What are the projected deployment models for the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market?

Projected deployment models include Cloud-Based at 20.0 USD Billion, Edge-Based at 23.08 USD Billion, and On-Premise at 15.0 USD Billion.

How does the growth of the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market compare to previous years?

The growth of the Artificial Intelligence Sensor Market appears robust, with a valuation increase from 6.774 USD Billion in 2024 to an expected 58.08 USD Billion by 2035.

Author

Author

Aarti Dhapte

AVP - Research

A consulting professional focused on helping businesses navigate complex markets through structured research and strategic insights. I partner with clients to solve high-impact business problems across market entry strategy, competitive intelligence, and opportunity assessment. Over the course of my experience, I have led and contributed to 100+ market research and consulting engagements, delivering insights across multiple industries and geographies, and supporting strategic decisions linked to $500M+ market opportunities. My core expertise lies in building robust market sizing, forecasting, and commercial models (top-down and bottom-up), alongside deep-dive competitive and industry analysis. I have played a key role in shaping go-to-market strategies, investment cases, and growth roadmaps, enabling clients to make confident, data-backed decisions in dynamic markets.

Co-Author